2. 11.6 Patterns in Evolution Patterns in Evolution

3. 11.6 Patterns in Evolution KEY CONCEPT Evolution occurs in patterns. Evolution through natural selection is not random. o Natural selection can have direction. o The effects of natural selection add up over time.

4. 11.6 Patterns in Evolution Convergent evolution describes evolution toward similar traits in unrelated species. Survival advantage to a particular environment Ex: Tuna (fish) and dolphins (mammals) Unrelated species with a similar environment (ocean) Faced similar evolutionary pressures

5. 11.6 Patterns in Evolution Divergent evolution describes evolution toward different traits in closely related species. ancestor red foxkit fox Cause: Different environments

6. 11.6 Patterns in Evolution Species can shape each other over time. Two or more species can evolve together in response to changes in eachother through coevolution. –evolutionary paths become connected –species evolve in response to changes in each other Hummingbirds: Beak shape depends on flower shape

7. 11.6 Patterns in Evolution Coevolution can occur in beneficial relationships. both species receive benefits from the other as a result of adaptations.

8. 11.6 Patterns in Evolution Coevolution can occur in competitive relationships, sometimes called evolutionary arms race.

9. 11.6 Patterns in Evolution Antibiotics: chemicals designed to kill bacteria –Produced by other microorganisms to fight bacteria Antibiotic Resistance: Bacteria are adapting to the use of antibiotics –Overuse & misuse speeds up the process –Importance: Bacteria infections are becoming harder to treat Fungus Bacteria

10. 11.6 Patterns in Evolution Antibiotic Resistance GoodBad

11. 11.6 Patterns in Evolution

12. Species can become extinct. Extinction is the elimination of a species from Earth. Background extinctions occur continuously at a very low rate. –occur at roughly the same rate as speciation –usually affects a few species in a small area –caused by local changes in environment

13. 11.6 Patterns in Evolution Mass extinctions are rare but much more intense. –destroy many species at global level –thought to be caused by catastrophic events (i.e. ice age) –at least five mass extinctions in last 600 million years

14. 11.6 Patterns in Evolution How Fast Does Evolution Occur? No exact time frame Gradualism: slow & steady change of 1 species into another –Small changes continually build Punctuated Equilibrium: Rapid periods of evolution –Due to sudden environment change –Ex: Mammal diversity exploded after dinosaur extinction Examples of both models exist

15. 11.6 Patterns in Evolution Gradualism of the Horse

16. 11.6 Patterns in Evolution Many species evolve from one species during adaptive radiation. –ancestral species diversifies into many descendent species –descendent species usually adapted to wide range of environments