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Energy State of the art of biogas technology - Examples from Germany October 2010, Jyväskylä, Finland www.german-renewable-energy.com Jens Giersdorf, German Biomass Research Centre (DBFZ)
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Content German Biomass Research Centre (DBFZ) Biogas development in Germany Biogas technologies Economics of biogas production in Germany Recent trends and challenges
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Energy German Biomass Research Centre (DBFZ)
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DBFZ founded in 2008 as a non-profit company owned by the German Federal Ministry of Food, Agriculture and Consumer Protection (BMELV) 2009: 134 employees, 149 projects Application oriented technical, economic and environmental R&D activities Consultancies for private/public institutions Policy assessment for federal ministries Feasibility studies for bioenergy plants
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Energy Biogas development in Germany
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Number of biogas plants and installed electricity power Source: DBFZ 2010 Electrical power generation from biogas (2009): 10.5 TWhel (real), equals 34% of power generation from biomass in total, respectively 1.8 % of German brutto electrical power generation
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Share of substrates (% FM) in German biogas plants Source: Biogasmessprogramm II, FNR, 2009 n = 413
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Energy Biogas technologies
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Scheme of processes in a farm-based biogas plant Source: Biogas – an introduction, FNR, 2009
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Types of biogas digestors SystemContinuousDiscontinuous CategoryContinuous stirred- tank reactor (CSTR) Plug flow digestorBatch/Percolati on Symbol Example Substrate Characterist ics Liquid, 12% total solids Viscous, up to 40% total solids Solid, structured, stackable, humidification through sprinkling
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Continuous stirred-tank reactor (CSTR) Source: Handreichung Biogas, FNR, 2009; DBFZ 2010
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Continuous stirred-tank reactor (CSTR) Advantages Cost-effective construction > 300 m³ Flexible flow-through/storage operation Maintenance without reactor emptying Disadvantages Cover sheet for large reactors is complex/expensive Short circuit currents may occur, retention time insecure Scum and sink layers may occur
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Plug-flow digester Sources: Handreichung Biogas, FNR, 2009; Eisenmann AG 2010
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Plug-flow digester Advantages Cost-effective construction for small plants Separation of fermentation steps in plug-flow No scum nor sink layers, short retention time Optimal retention time due to prevention of short circuit currents Low heat losses due to compact construction form Disadvantages Construction only for small plants feasible Maintenance of stirring devices requires complete emptying of digester
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Batch/percolation Source: Bekon 2010
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Batch/percolation Advantages Utilization of solid substrates Modular construction, flexible adaption to demands, low investment Few material handling equipment, reduced investment and maintenance costs, low process energy demand Disadvantages Delayed operation of several modules for continuous production Incomplete mixture: zones with reduced gas production may occur Installation of security equipment required Large quantities of inoculate needed for high biogas yields
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Energy Economics of biogas production in Germany
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Investment costs Investment costs depend on…. Technical equipment of the plant Development costs of the property (road, canalization, etc.) Access to energy grid, heat grid, manure storage tank if necessary Substrate for digestion (biogenic waste treatment plants more expensive than energy crops due to higienisation)
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Investment costs Source: Bundesmessprogramm II, FNR, 2009 Total investment costs [Mio €] Relative frequency Installed electr. capacity [kW el ] Specific investment costs [€/kW el ] Total investment costs: 1 – 1.5 mio USD Specific investment costs: 3,800 – 5,000 USD/kW el
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Operating costs Substrate costs Costs for spreading of digestate Maintenance costs Labor costs Process energy demand Costs for consumables Costs for depreciation and interest
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Annual total costs DepreciationBase rate Purchase of energy crops Other direct costs Labor costs Maintenance contracts Other operating costs Relative annual expenditures [% of total costs] Source: Bundesmessprogramm II, FNR, 2009
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Production costs for electrical energy Source: Bundesmessprogramm II, FNR, 2009 Production costs for electrical energy [€/kWh el ] Electrical utilization ratio [%]
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Revenues Revenues for electricity: Feed-in-tariff Substitution of expensive own consumption Revenues from direct marketing/sales Revenues for heat: Constant heat demand, especially in summer Costs for heat conduction Alternative heat costs Revenues for disposal: Additional costs for treatment Revenues free plant (without additional transport costs) If applicable higher environmental regulations for the plant Revenues for digestate (substitute for mineral fertilizer)
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Composition of revenues Electr.Heat salesDigestateDigestate salesHeat savings Composition of revenues[€/a] Source: Bundesmessprogramm II, FNR, 2009
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Important factors for success Optimal choice of biogas plant location of major importance Low substrate costs Year-round demand for heat and electricity Skilled employees with enthusiasm for the challenge „biogas plant“ Professional plant layout Long-term financing
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Energy Recent trends and challenges
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Biomethane feed-in plants in Germany About 38 biogas upgrading and feed-in plants operating (23,520 Nm³/h capacity) High costs for upgrading of biogas to natural gas quality requires large plants (> 2 MW el ) Gas grid can be used as storage facility Optimization of heat use and/or satisfaction of peak loads Several feed-in plants planned, but development slowed down
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Biomethane feed-in plants in Germany
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Integration of bioethanol and biogas production Sources: Agraferm, 2010, Verbio AG, 2010
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Challenges Optimization (acceleration) of process biology Improvement of heat utilization concepts Optimization of „dry fermentation“ to increase use of ligno-cellulosic substrates (agricultural residues) Reduction of biomass/methane losses during the production process Promotion of biomethane application (esp. as transport fuel)
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Energy Thank you for your attention! Deutsches BiomasseForschungsZentrum German Biomass Research Centre Torgauer Straße 116 04347 Leipzig, Germany www.dbfz.de Tel./Fax. +49(0)341 – 2434 – 112 / – 133 Contact: Jens Giersdorf jens.giersdorf@dbfz.de
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