1. CIT 1100

2. In this chapter you will learn how to:  Determine when a computer needs hardware upgrades  Explain optimal upgrades to peripherals  Discuss the process of upgrading internal hardware

3. The symptoms calling for an upgrade include:  Computer lacks a specific capability that you know other PCs can perform  PC works poorly  A normal working computer starts to fail in some way  The computer could use better components  Perhaps it runs a little sluggishly after upgrading software

4. Peripherals with moving parts, such as keyboards, mice, trackballs, hard drives CD DVDs, get dirty and wear out You know you need to replace them when they malfunction in some way, keys on a keyboard might stick, the mouse or trackball might move the cursor across the screen in a jerky fashion There are several upgrade options available for i/o devices You can trade up for an optical mouse, that doesn't have a ball, possibly upgrading to a wireless keyboard or mouse

5. Every OS needs free space to function properly -  Windows uses part of the hard drive free space for automatically saving your files (known as auto-save)  If the computer crashes and data wasn’t saved Windows can recover at least some of it for you  OS will get extremely slow without enough free space  To add more hard drive space, you can exchange your old hard drive for a drive with more capacity  Or you can add a second drive and move some things to the new drive  Either option will require you to open the case and go into the computer

6. Another method used to add space would be to incorporate an external hard drive that plugs into a port on the back of the computer This provides an additional advantage to simply adding more space, it can be used to back up important data and store it off site if necessary External drives connect to one of several types of ports on the back of a computer: Parallel ports (obsolete and very slow) Parallel ports (obsolete and very slow) USB (USB 3.0 is prefered for speed) USB (USB 3.0 is prefered for speed) FireWire (being phased out) FireWire (being phased out) eSATA (cutting edge) eSATA (cutting edge)

7. Not enough physical RAM in a computer can cause an application to fail to load Memory is somewhat reliable, but something that used to work now doesn't that might just be the case Increasing the amount of RAM in the computer is the most common upgrade made to a computer, and usually makes a noted improvement in performance

8. Catastrophic errors typically manifest themselves as what is referred to as a Blue Screen of Death (BSoD) it stops the computer and puts a message on the screen that says what went wrong  Critical or catastrophic errors can cause the computer to lock up, blue-screen, dra­matically slow down, crash, or spontaneously reboot  Hardware-related errors can be caused by faulty drivers or hardware failure  Some failures are spectacular, a graphically intense game may suddenly lose all the colors

9. Other failures are simple  You might have been able to connect to the Internet yesterday but find you have no network connection today  The problem could be an electrical storm during the night fried the network card  You can fix some hardware-related critical errors by updating or changing drivers, the software that helps the OS communicate properly with the hardware  Other times the only fix is to replace the faulty hardware

10. Once it’s been determined that a computer needs or should have a hardware upgrade, it needs to be examined to see what upgrades it can handle Adding external components, such as an external hard drive, mouse, keyboard, or monitor, means examining the ports on the back of the computer

11. Legacy Ports USB Replaces all the older Ports Serial ports and parallel ports enable you to attach some devices to the PC. The stan­dards have been around since the beginning of the PC era. Serial and parallel ports do not offer anywhere near the flexibility of USB or FireWire. Serial ports are male, D-shaped, and have 9 pins, referred to as DB-9 Parallel ports are female, D-shaped, and have 25-pin sockets, referred to as DB-25

12. The Universal Serial Bus (USB) enables you to add a remarkable variety of peripherals to any computer and is supported by every major OS All USB devices are hot-swappable, they can be unplug without turning the power off All USB devices are hot-swappable, they can be unplug without turning the power off Most devices prefer to be turned off before you remove them In Windows Most devices prefer to be turned off before you remove them In Windows Click the Safely Remove Hardware icon in the notification area Click the Safely Remove Hardware icon in the notification area Use this option to avoid any potential data loss Use this option to avoid any potential data loss USB has two standards: USB 2.0 and Hi-Speed USB USB 3.0 is called SuperSpeed USB

13. A mini-USB port (mini-B) and connector typically used on small devices like cameras Type A USB USB 2.0 ports come in three varieties: A, B, and mini. All are female and rectangular shaped. They are keyed so that you can't insert the USB cable improperly

14. Newer hard drives inside the computer connect to a serial ATA (SATA) port. The connec­tion- called a bus- can be expanded to include external devices Up to 2 meters long eSATA devices are hot-swappable eSATA runs as fast as internal SATA, either 150 megabytes per second (MBps) or 300 MBps Ideal for optical drives, such as Blu-ray Disc drives

15. Connecting peripherals to a computer using radio waves frees your desk of cord clutter. Several technologies compete for wireless market share:  The most common technology is used for mice and keyboards and is simply branded wireless  The device has a small receiver that plugs into a USB port on the com­puter  Keyboard or mouse has a small transmitter that connects to the receiver, usually at a standard 2.4 MHz frequency has a range of about 2 meters

16. Connecting peripherals to a computer using radio waves frees your desk of cord clutter. Several technologies compete for wireless market share:  A competing standard used for wireless is Bluetooth  Bluetooth extends the range to 10 meters and is typically used for audio

17. Many hardware upgrades require opening the case  Typical upgrades include RAM, hard drives, and video cards  Going inside adds an element of danger to the system you need to know the risks and how to avoid them  To upgrade internal components, you need to recognize the type of slots or connections provided  The motherboard manual is the best reference

18. The biggest danger of going inside the case is shocking a computer component with electrostatic discharge (ESD)  Use an antistatic wrist strap or touch the bare metal of the chassis when you go in which will put at the same electrical potential of the components  You need to be careful when handling components to be installed - RAM, hard drives, and video cards are susceptible to ESD damage  You might unknowingly damage a component you're putting into a computer and have it fail at a later time  To avoid this kind of damage, always keep a component inside an antistatic bag when not in use

19. Motherboards differ both in the number of RAM slots available and in the specific type of RAM used. You need to see what slots the motherboard has available, plus read the manual to determine memory requirements  A motherboard might have 4 RAM slots meaning it can handle 4 RAM sticks  There's a lot of variation in motherboards, with anywhere from one to eight RAM slots, you need to see how many are already populated with RAM sticks  Once you know the physical options for a RAM upgrade, you need to know the specifics for that motherboard. The motherboard manual will tell you the following details:  ◦ What technology of memory the motherboard uses, such as DDR, DDR2,or DDR3 ◦ What maximum capacity of stick each slot can handle ◦ What total amount of RAM the motherboard can handle ◦ What configuration (placement) of sticks optimizes the motherboard configuration

20. As people move from Windows XP to Windows 7, the first thing they would may notice is that the new OS runs more slowly than the old one if they didn't upgrade the memory  At a minimum, Windows 7 requires at least 1 GB of RAM The upgrade path for any two machines can differ considerably-  One computer has 1GB of RAM and requires 2GB ◦ You open it up to discover that it has four 128-MB sticks in four slots. Upgrading requires replacing the existing RAM. Plus, you'll need to check if the motherboard can handle 1GB sticks or whether it tops out at 512 MB sticks  A second computer has 1GB of RAM and requires at least 2GB ◦ This system has a single 1GB stick of RAM and two empty RAM slots

21. Note that the operating system makes a big difference on upgradeability -  Some system having has six RAM slots can support as much as 12GB of RAM  Running a 32-bit version of Windows limits the usable RAM to only 4 GB  To unlock the full 12 GB of the motherboard requires a 64-bit version of Windows or Ubuntu

23. ASUS M2N68-AM Plus Specs 2 Memory Slots Dual channel DDR2 1066 memory Use the Internet

24. Motherboards can have 2 types of connectors for hard drives, parallel older ATA (PATA) or serial ATA newer (SATA), most support both  To add a SATA hard drive to a computer, you simply need a free SATA port, each SATA drive connects directly to the motherboard 5 Available SATA Ports 1/drive

25. Motherboards can have 2 types of connectors for hard drives, parallel older ATA (PATA) or serial ATA newer (SATA), most support both  Adding a PATA drive requires a PATA Cable that can support 2 drives To distinguish between the drives, you need to set a small jumper PATA con­nections can have only these options Master (or standalone)- one drive Master (or standalone)- one drive Master and slave- two drives Master and slave- two drives Cable select - one drive Cable select - one drive Cable select /cable select - two drives Cable select /cable select - two drives You can't have two masters or two slaves You shouldn't mix cable select with master and slave it may not work

26. Computers use dedicated video processors to translate math into pictures to put on the screen. These video processors have various names: ◦ Graphics Processing Unit (GPU) ◦ Video Processing Unit (VPU)  Most have a plug in card that holds the video processor as well as its own dedicated memory for video  Some have video processor built onto the motherboard referred to as integrated video  Nearly all motherboards have an expansion slot dedicated to video, even systems with embedded video  Two slot types dominate the market: ◦ Accelerated Graphics Port (AGP)- nearly obsolete ◦ PCI Express (PCIe)- the current standard ◦ PCI Express (PCIe)- the current standard  AGP slots where smaller and usually brown  PCIe slots are longer, slimmer, and various colors

27. Once you've finished the physical act of upgrading hardware, you have three tasks left- Once you've finished the physical act of upgrading hardware, you have three tasks left-  1. Install drivers  2. Test the hardware  3. Recycle the old or dead equipment Use the latest drivers available, typically NOT the one that came with the device Most major cit­ies have some method of dealing with or place to take dead electronics equipment