1. Anti-Federalists vs Federalists

2. Cato’s Letters Brutus Centinel Federal Farmer Patrick Henry

3.  Active leader during the Revolution who demanded that the British “give me liberty, or give me death!"  He is against the Constitution because it reduced states rights and had no Bill of Rights

4. George Mason  Anti-Federalist, a Virginian Plantation owner  Wrote the Virginia Declaration of Rights which becomes the model for the Bill of Rights  He refused to sign the Constitution until a Bill of Rights was included

5. Anti-FederalistsThe Anti-Federalists were more concerned with protecting the rights of the individual people and states, then promoting the pubic good as a whole. Individual Rights

6. Who were the Federalists and Anti-Federalists? Anti-Federalists –People who opposed ratifying the Constitution –Leaders like George Mason, Edmond Randolph, and Elbridge Gerry Each had attended the Philadelphia Convention but refused to sign the Constitution –John Hancock, Samuel Adams, and Richard Henry Lee all signed the Declaration of Independence, but also opposed the ratification

7. Who were the Federalists and Anti-Federalists? Most Americans were very suspicious of government, but the Anti-Federalists were especially mistrustful of strong government –They feared they had created a government that the people could not control

8. DIFFERENT POINTS OF VIEW  Federalists argued for Wanted a strong national governmentWanted a strong national government Three branches of government filled with men of “reputation”Three branches of government filled with men of “reputation” Wanted a president to lead executive branchWanted a president to lead executive branch No Bill of RightsNo Bill of Rights  Antifederalists argued States should have power Wanted legislative branch to be strongest branch of government Feared a strong president in office A Bill of Rights would protect the rights of Americans

9. An Unfair Advantage?  The Federalists publish their essays in New York newspapers and pamphlets in 1787- 1789  Newspapers support the Federalist side and publish more Federalist writings than Anti- Federalist writings!

10. The Federalists Papers  John Jay, Alexander Hamilton and James Madison wrote the Federalist Papers to get support for the Constitution. Papers addressed issues such as representation, rights of individuals and majority rule.  The Anti-Federalists respond in the “Objections to the Constitution of Government formed by the Convention”, which argued the fear of a strong executive branch and the absence of a Bill of Rights.

11. Does the national government have too much power? The supremacy clause means that all the national government’s laws are superior to laws made by the states It will only be a matter of time until the state governments are destroyed The Constitution provides protections for the state governments by specifically reserving certain powers for the states This will prevent the states from being destroyed by the national government Anti-FederalistsFederalists

12. Does the national government have too much power? The necessary and proper clause is too general It gives too much power to the national government It is dangerous not to list all the powers of government in order to put clear limits on them The necessary and proper clause and general welfare clause are needed if the national government is to do the things it is responsible for doing Anti-FederalistsFederalists

13. Does the national government have too much power? The Constitution gives too much power to the executive branch of government It will soon become a monarchy A strong executive branch is necessary It is needed if the national government is to fulfill its responsibilities Congress and the U.S. Supreme Court have checks on the use of power by the Executive branch The executive branch cannot become a monarchy The power of the national government are separated and balanced among the three branches No one branch can dominate the others This system makes it impossible for any person or group to take complete control of government Anti-FederalistsFederalists

14. Does the Constitution provide for republican government? Throughout history, the only places where republican governments worked had been in small communities There, the people had similar wealth and the same values People who are not too rich or too poor are more likely to have civic virtue Such people are more likely to agree on what is best for the common good The new nation would be too large and diverse The people will not be able to agree on their common welfare History has proven that selfish groups destroyed all the small republics of the past The civic virtue of the citizens was not enough to keep people from seeking their own interests People did not work for the common good A large republic where power is divided between the national and state governments is a better solution It is also better to organize government based on checks and balances Under such a government, it will be more difficult for special interests to work against the common good Anti-FederalistsFederalists

15. Does the Constitution provide for republican government? Free government requires the active participation of the people The national government will be located far from where most people live People will be unable to participate in government As a result, the only way government will be able to rule will be with military force The result will be tyranny The national government cannot become a tyranny The limits placed on government by the system of separation of powers and checks and balances will prevent it Government will be so good at protecting the rights of the people that it will soon gain their loyalty and support Anti-FederalistsFederalists

16. Is a Bill of Rights needed for the Constitution? The Constitution does not include a bill of rights A bill of rights is necessary to protect people against the power of the national government There is no mention of freedom of religion, speech, press, or assembly Since these freedoms are not in the Constitution, government is free to violate them Americans recently fought a war to secure their fundamental rights They do not want a constitution that places those rights in jeopardy A bill of rights is not needed The Constitution is the ultimate protection for people’s rights and the people are the ultimate sovereigns The Constitution does not give government the power to deprive people of their rights It gives government only limited power to do certain things A bill of rights will give the impression that the people can expect protection only for the rights that are actually listed The Constitution protects a number of rights by requiring writs of habeas corpus, and prohibiting ex post facto laws and bills of attainder Anti-FederalistsFederalists

17. IssueAnti-Federalists FearFederalists Response The Biggest threat to The people The biggest threat to the people is the tyranny of the government. If a government is too big, it will have too much power, and consolidate, eventually leading to the government being ruled by a powerful elite The largest threats to the people is having a small government in which those in the minority will never have power. If there is a large government the diverse populations will ensure that a small group of people, a dangerous minority with radical ideas does not gain power.

18. Issue Anti-Federalists FearFederalists Response Protection of Individual Rights The rights guaranteed to the people should be included in the Constitution or else they are not guaranteed The checks and balances are enough to keep the government from taking the rights of the people away.

19. IssueAnti-Federalists FearFederalists Response RepresentationThe government should be run by representatives that are very similar to those who they are representing. This new government will encourage only the well educated elite to be representatives who are using this as an opportunity to gain power The federal government should be run by well educated and experienced men, the elite. These are the men that are best educated and will be able to make the best decisions.

20. IssueAnti-Federalists FearFederalists Response People will not hold government accountable A free government requires the active support of the people. The new government would be so large that people would not be involved in government, leading eventually to the government taking too much power. The central government created cannot take the rights of the people because of the many checks and balances in the Constitution

21. Issue Anti-Federalists FearFederalists Response Power given to the federal government The limits of the power given to the federal government are not clear and will result in the president becoming a monarch. More limits should be made through a Bill of Rights. The checks and balances in the Constitution will be effective in restraining the power of the federal government. The president does not have the power to make laws, so he/she cannot become a monarch

22. Why did the Federalists agree to add a bill of rights to the Constitution? A compromise was reached on the issue of a bill of rights –The Federalists made this compromise to get enough support for the Constitution so that it would be ratified –They agreed that when the first Congress was held, it would draft a bill of rights The argument to add a bill of rights was a victory for the Anti- Federalists –It was an important addition to the Constitution and has been of great importance in the protection of the basic rights of the American People

23. “All communities divide themselves into the few and the many. The first are the rich and well born; the other, the mass of people…. The people are turbulent and changing; they seldom judge or determine right. Give therefore the first class a ….permanent share in the government….they therefore will ever maintain good government.” Who said it? _______________________ Quote #1:

24. Quote #1 Who said it? FEDERALISTS

25. Quote #2: “It must be by this time evident to all men…that (the Articles of Confederation) is a system so radically vicious and unsound as to admit….an entire change.” Who said it? _______________________

26. Quote #2 Who said it? FEDERALISTS

27. Quote #3: “Our country is too large to have all affairs directed by a single government.” Who said it? _______________________

28. Quote #3 Who said it? ANTI-FEDERALISTS

29. Quote #3: “The small landowners are the most precious part of the state.” Who said it? _______________________

30. Quote #3 Who said it? ANTI-FEDERALISTS

31. Quote #4: “I consider the foundation of the Constitution as laid on this ground – that all powers not delegate (given) to the United States by the Constitution, nor prohibited by it to the states, are reserved to the states, or to the people….” Who said it? _______________________

32. Quote # 4 Who said it? ANTI-FEDERALIST

33. Quote #5: “The powers contained in the constitution….ought to be construed liberally in advancement of the public good.” Who said it? _______________________

34. Quote # 5 Who said it? FEDERALISTS

35. Quote #6: “I am not among those who fear the people. They, not the rich, are our dependence for continued freedom.” Who said it? _______________________

36. Quote #6 Who said it? ANTI-FEDERALISTS

37. Quote #7: "I had rather be a free citizen of the small republic of Massachusetts, than an oppressed subject of the great American empire." Who said it? _______________________

38. Quote #7 Who said it? ANTI-FEDERALISTS

39. Quote #8: "I had rather be a free citizen of the small republic of Massachusetts, than an oppressed subject of the great American empire." Who said it? _______________________

40. Quote #8: “Among the numerous advantages promised by a well-constructed Union, none deserves to be more accurately developed than its tendency to break and control the violence of faction.” Who said it? _______________________

41. Quote #9 Who said it? FEDERALISTS

42. Quote #10: “An elective [monarchy] was not the government we fought for; but one in which the powers of government should be so divided and balanced among the several bodies of magistracy as that no one could transcend their legal limits without being effectually checked and restrained by the others.” Who said it? _______________________

43. Quote # 10 Who said it? FEDERALISTS

44. Quote #11: “When the government fears the people, there is liberty. When the people fear the government, there is tyranny. Who said it? _______________________

45. Quote #11 Who said it? ANTI-FEDERALISTS

46. Quote #12: “… the power vested in congress of sending troops for suppressing insurrections will always enable them to stifle the first struggles of freedom." Who said it? _______________________

47. Quote #12 Who said it? ANTI-FEDERALISTS