1. How the visually impaired use computers

2. Contents Visual impairment (cliff notes) How VI users interaction with computers –Current problems & solutions –Alternative solutions

3. Visual Impairment

4. Definition A severe reduction in vision that cannot be corrected with standard glasses, contact lenses or surgery and reduces a person's ability to function at certain or all tasks. World Health Organization working definition [1] Categories –Low vision –Legally blind –Totally blind

5. Cataract (47.9%) Glaucoma (12.3%) Age-related Macular Degeneration (AMD) (8.7%) Normal Severe

6. Prevalence 285 million visually impaired worldwide –246 million: low vision (63% over 50 years ) –39 million: blind (82% over 50 years) Elderly are the most affected –females are more at risk 87% live in developing countries 85% of visual impairment is avoidable –Including cataract and Glaucoma

7. How the vision impaired use computers literature review

8. Visual Impairment & HCI Aim –What is the current state-of-art of research in low-vision computer users and their interaction with computers –What interactive interventions and technologies have been investigated in this domain in terms of design and evaluation –Based on the findings, what are the promising directions in this research area

9. Visual Impairment & HCI Paper inclusion criteria: 1.Papers that deal with the nature of the diseases 2.Papers that deal with design and use (usability) of computerized technologies and accessibility software that low vision users use to improve their quality of life. 3.Empirical studies of low vision computerized technologies in the domain of HCI 4.Papers published between 1990 - 2010

10. Visual Impairment & HCI 5. Keywords in tile or abstract Age related macular degeneration / macular degeneration / AMD / AMRD Blind Cataracts Central scotoma / Scotoma Corneal Opacity Diabetic retinopathy Glaucoma Legal blindness / Legally blind Low vision Partial vision / Partial sight / Partially sighted Reduced vision Vision deficiency / Vision impairment / Vision loss Visually disabled / Visual disabilities / Visual impairment / visually impaired

11. Visual Impairment & HCI 10 HCI Journals –Human Computer Interaction (6.190) –IEEE Transactions on Systems, Man and Cybernetics: B (3.007) –International Journal of Human-Computer Studies (2.380) –User Modeling and User Adapted Interaction (2.345) –IEEE Transactions on Systems, Man and Cybernetics: A (2.033) –IEEE Transactions on Systems, Man and Cybernetics: C (2.016) –Interacting with Computers (1.698) –ACM Transactions on Computer Human Interaction (1.194) –Behavior & Information Technology (0.767) –International Journal of Human Computer Interaction (0.587)

12. Visual Impairment & HCI Total results: 504 –51 papers matched criteria (10.1% of results) blind: 51% cataract: 2% glaucoma: 0% macular degeneration: 6% general: 41%

13. Problems GUI and Direct manipulation Web –Accessibility and usability Confustion page layout Inaccessible images Conflicts between accessibility applications and software programs Misleading info

14. Command Line Interfaces Text only interface that allows a user to interact with an OS or software by typing commands to perform specific tasks. Cursor postion and display characters were mapped to a screen buffer in memory IBM-DOS

15. Hardware solutions Hardware –Alternative keyboards –CCTVs –Brail displays –Tactile displays –Audio tapes Refreshable brail display Reading from CCTV

16. Software  Screen Reader Most popular because Brail literacty is low –Screen Magnifier –Self voicing applications Software solutions Windows start menu viewed with screen magnification

17. Alternative solutions Gaze contingent interfaces Crowd sourcing –Follow the path –Wizard of OZ –Shared display

18. Thank You Questions Comments Suggestions