1. CATARACTS: A Leading Cause of Preventable Blindness

2. Epidemiology Cataracts are the leading cause of blindness in the world
More than 1.3 million cataract procedures are performed in the U.S. each year
Visual disability associated with cataracts account for 8 million physician office visits each year

3. Cataract is the leading cause of blindness in those 40 years or older in the United States

4. History
The earliest reference to cataracts can be found in Hindu writings from the 5th century BC
The word Cataract comes from the Greek word meaning “Waterfall”
Until the mid 1700’s, it was thought that cataract was formed by opaque material flowing, like a waterfall into the eye

5. Lens
The human lens is a naturally clear structure located behind the iris and supported by the zonules
The lens is avascular-It does not have a vascular supply

6. Structure
The basic lens consists of a central nucleus surrounded by the cortex contained within the lens capsule

7. Optics
When light passes through the pupil, it is focused by the lens to produce clear, sharp images on the retina, the light-sensitive membrane on the back of the eye that functions like the film of a camera

8. Optics
When this arrangement is disturbed in any way, the transparency is lost
This results in scattering of light, blurring, and blocking of the image

9. Structure The lens is made mostly of water and protein fibers
The protein fibers are arranged in a precise manner that makes the lens clear and allows light to pass through without interference
With aging, the composition of the lens undergoes changes and the structure of the protein fibers breaks down
Some of the fibers begin to clump together, clouding areas of the lens, and leading to the loss of transparency

10. This loss of transparency, or opacity formation is called Cataract

11. Clouding of the lens is a normal part of aging
About half of Americans older than 65 have some degree of clouding of the lens
According to one study, after age 75, 39% of men, and 46% percent of women in the U.S. have visually significant cataracts

12. Cataracts produce a gradual, painless, progressive loss of vision, and many patients are unaware of vision problems
Generally do not cause pain, or abnormal tearing
But as the clouding progresses, the cataract eventually interferes with your vision

13. Commonly affect distance vision
Cause problems with glare
In the early stages, stronger lighting and eyeglasses can help deal with the vision problems
If impaired vision jeopardizes your normal lifestyle, you might need surgery

14. Patients often describe trying to look through a fogged-up window
Clouded vision can make it more difficult to drive a car, read, or see details

15. Symptoms Blurred vision Increasing difficulty with vision at night
Glare, especially at night
Halos around lights
The need for brighter light for reading
Double vision in a single eye
Fading or yellowing of colors

16. Due to increase of yellow-brown pigment in the lens, color perception also is affected

17. These may also be symptoms of other eye conditions, therefore it is important to see your ophthalmologist annually, or if there is a persistent change in vision

18. Pain, redness, discharge, or irritation in the eye are usually not signs or symptoms of a cataract, but may be signs and symptoms of other eye disorders

19. Hypermature Cataract
A cataract isn't dangerous to the eye unless the cataract becomes completely white, a condition known as an overripe (hypermature) cataract
This can cause inflammation, eye pain and headache
A hypermature cataract is extremely rare and needs removal

20. Types of Cataract The lens consists of three layers
The outer layer is a thin, clear membrane
It surrounds a soft, clear material (cortex)
The hard center of the lens is the nucleus
A cataract can form in any part of the lens

21. Nuclear Cataract Occurs in the center of the lens
In its early stages, the patient may become more nearsighted or even experience a temporary improvement in reading vision
This so-called “second sight” disappears as the lens gradually turns yellow and begins to cloud the vision
Seeing in dim light and driving at night may be especially troublesome

22. Cortical Cataract
Begins as whitish, wedge-shaped streaks on the outer edge of the lens cortex
As it slowly progresses, the streaks extend to the center and interfere with light passing through the nucleus
Both distance and near vision can be impaired
Patients also have problems with glare and loss of contrast

23. Subcapsular Cataract
Starts as a small, opaque area just under the capsule shell, usually at the back of the lens, right in the path of light on its way to the retina
This type of cataract may occur in both eyes but tends to be more advanced in one eye than the other
Often interferes with reading vision, reduces your vision in bright light and causes glare or halos around lights at night

24. Etiology Why age-related changes happen to the lens is not known
One possibility is damage caused by unstable molecules known as free radicals
Smoking and exposure to UV light are two sources of free radicals
General wear and tear on the lens over the years also may cause the changes in protein fibers

25. Etiology
Age-related changes in the lens are not the only cause of cataracts
Some infants are born with cataracts or develop them during childhood
Such cataracts may be the result of the mother having contracted rubella during pregnancy
Metabolic disorders

26. Congenital Cataracts
Responsible for nearly 10% of all visual loss in children worldwide
Approximately 0.03% of newborns have some form of congenital cataract
Most are not associated with additional developmental problems
Around one fifth of these patients have a family history of congenital cataract but in up to half of all cases there is no family history

27. In the case of a newborn infant, a cataract causes the immature visual system to be deprived of the stimulation needed for normal development
If left untreated, permanent visual loss may occur
Unilateral cataracts are more likely to cause visual loss because of the competition between the two eyes

28. If the cataract is small there may be only slight blurring of vision with near normal visual development
If the cataract is larger, or located more posteriorly, it can effect visual development
In some cases this can lead to permanent amblyopia (lazy eye)
Without adequate stimulation central vision can be permanently effected

29. Outcome is very much dependent on the type of cataract
Some congenital cataracts impair visual development only to a small degree and may never require surgery
If the cataract is only in one eye, there is a strong tendency for the child to prefer the healthy eye
The eye affected by the cataract rarely achieves normal vision, therefore removal of the cataract is indicated

30. Etiology of Pediatric Cataracts
Hereditary
Autosomal dominant form most common
Genetic and Metabolic Diseases
Down syndrome
Marfan’s syndrome
Myotonic Dystrophy
Maternal Infections
Rubella, Syphilis, Toxoplasmosis, Varicella

31. Ocular Anomalies Toxic Trauma Aniridia-Absence of iris at birth
Corticosteroids, Radiation
Trauma

32. Risk Factors In Adults Exposure to sunlight (UV light) Smoking
Diabetes
Trauma (blunt or penetrating)
Family history of cataracts
Corticosteroid therapy
Radiation exposure
Electrical injury
Myotonic dystrophy
Uveitis- Ocular inflammation

33. Risk Factors
Everyone is at risk of developing cataracts simply because age is the single greatest risk factor
By age 65 about half of all Americans have developed some degree of lens clouding

34. Cataracts develop sooner in diabetic patients than in non-diabetic patients
This is caused by shifts in the glucose, electrolyte, and water balance within the lens
Fluctuating vision and rapid shift to near sightedness are symptoms of diabetes

35. Clinical Findings
The most common objective finding associated with cataracts is decreased visual acuity
This is measured with an office wall chart or near-vision card

36. Visual Acuity
Acuity refers to the sharpness of vision or how clearly you see an object
In this test, your eye doctor checks to see how well you read letters from across the room
Eyes are tested one at a time, while the other eye is covered.
Using the chart with progressively smaller letters from top to bottom, to determine the level of vision

37. Refraction
This is performed by your doctor to see if the decrease in vision is simply due for need for new glasses, or if there is another process at work that accounts for the decrease in visual acuity
                                                           

38. Slit Lamp Exam (SLE)
SLE allows the ophthalmologist to see the structures of the eye under magnification
The microscope is called a slit lamp because it uses an intense slit of light to illuminate your cornea, iris, and lens
These structures are viewed in small sections to detect any small abnormalities

39. Dilated Exam
Dilating drops are placed in the eyes to dilate the pupils wide and provide a better view to the back of the eyes
It allows the ophthalmologist to examine the lens for signs of a cataract and, if needed, determine how dense the clouding is

40. Dilated Exam
It also allows for examination of the retina and the optic nerve.
Dilating drops usually keep your pupils open for a few hours before their effect gradually wears off
                     

41. When pupils are dilated, patients will have difficulty focusing on close objects
With your pupils open this wide, sunglasses are helpful on a sunny day, and you may need a driver to drive you home

42. Other Causes of painless Vision Loss
Cataract
Retinal detachment
Macular degeneration
Diabetes mellitus
Glaucoma
Retinal artery occlusion

43. Retinal detachment is often accompanied by floaters, flashes of light, and loss of peripheral vision, which is often described as a gray curtain or shade covering all or part of the visual field
Risk factors include a history of previous ocular trauma, nearsightedness, retinal detachment in the fellow eye, or a family history of retinal detachment

44. Macular degeneration usually causes a slow, progressive loss of central vision
Symptoms of acute vision loss and distortion result from leakage from abnormal subretinal vessels
Patients should be referred to a retina specialist immediately

45. Diabetic retinopathy may also contribute to vision loss
Findings include dot-and-blot hemorrhages, microaneurysms, dilated and tortuous vessels, and neovascularization of the disk and retina
Cataracts often obscure the fundus, making assessment of diabetic retinopathy difficult

46. Open-angle glaucoma produces slow, painless visual field loss that usually begins peripherally
Optic nerve damage and subsequent loss of peripheral vision occur at normal as well as elevated intraocular pressures
With progressive optic nerve damage and visual field loss, central vision is the last to be affected

47. Cataracts are the most treatable cause of decreased vision in the United States
For most patients, observation and frequent eyeglass prescription changes are sufficient
When activities of daily living, such as driving, reading, working, and self-care are affected surgery should be discussed

48. Cataract Surgery should be considered when changes in eyeglasses no longer help, quality of life is jeopardized, and cataract removal is likely to have an impact on vision