1. Online Counseling Resource YCMOU ELearning Drive… School of Architecture, Science and Technology Yashwantrao Chavan Maharashtra Open University, Nashik – 422222, India

2. OC-SBT/ SBI/ SGS034-CP1-01 Introduction Programmes and Courses  SEP – SBT034 – Unit 01  SEP – SBI034 – Unit 01  SEP – SGS034 – Unit 01

3. School of Science and Technology, Online Counseling Resource… Credits  Academic Inputs by Arun Punaji More. M.Sc. (Microbiology) ‏ Experience: 11 Years arunmesh@hotmail.com

4. School of Science and Technology, Online Counseling Resource… © 2007, YCMOU. All Rights Reserved.4 How to Use This Resource  Counselor at each study center should use this presentation to deliver lecture of 40-60 minutes during Face-To-Face counseling.  Discussion about students difficulties or tutorial with assignments should follow the lecture for about 40-60 minutes.  Handouts (with 6 slides on each A4 size page) of this presentation should be provided to each student.  Each student should discuss on the discussion forum all the terms which could not be understood. This will improve his writing skills and enhance knowledge level about topics, which shall be immensely useful for end exam.  Appear several times, for all the Self-Tests, available for this course.  Student can use handouts for last minutes preparation just before end exam.

5. School of Science and Technology, Online Counseling Resource… © 2007, YCMOU. All Rights Reserved.5 Learning Objectives  After studying this module, you should be able to: Explain building blocks and their basic properties. Describe various building blocks of cell components such as Carbohydrates Lipids Proteins and DNA.

6. School of Science and Technology, Online Counseling Resource… © 2007, YCMOU. All Rights Reserved.6 Introduction - 1  Simple and Basic carbon compounds that are used for the synthesis of all cell components are called as building blocks.  We know that cells are units of tissues and a cell is made of different basic cell components such as cell membranes, cell enzymes, RNA and DNA molecules.

7. School of Science and Technology, Online Counseling Resource… © 2007, YCMOU. All Rights Reserved.7 Introduction - 2  All these these basic cell components are made of with or from simple and basic carbon compounds such as monosaccharides, amino acids, deoxyribonucleotides, fatty acids and glycerol.  You will learn in this presentation the basic properties of these building blocks and how they are utilize to synthesize the basic cell components mentioned above.

8. School of Science and Technology, Online Counseling Resource… © 2007, YCMOU. All Rights Reserved.8 Building Blocks of Cell  Monosaccharides  Amino acids  Fatty acids and glycerol.  Deoxyribonucleotides or deoxyribonucleoside triphosphate.  Phosphate.

9. School of Science and Technology, Online Counseling Resource… © 2007, YCMOU. All Rights Reserved.9 Monosaccharides-1  Chemically monosaccharides are polyhydroxy aldehydes or polyhydroxy ketones.  The important monosaccharides are D-Glucose. D-Fructose. D-Mannose. D-Ribose. D-Galactose.

10. School of Science and Technology, Online Counseling Resource… © 2007, YCMOU. All Rights Reserved.10 Monosaccharides-II  Monosaccharides are smallest units of carbohydrates.  The monosaccharides are represented by the following formula: (CH 2 O) n Where “n” is 3 or greater but not more than 9.  Monosaccharides join together by forming glycosidic bonds producing chain of monosaccharides which is called as oligosaccharide or polysaccharide depending upon the residues of monosaccharide.

11. School of Science and Technology, Online Counseling Resource… © 2007, YCMOU. All Rights Reserved.11 Monosaccharides-III  Chain of 2 to 20 monosaccharides are called as oligosaccharides. e.g. Maltose, sucrose.  Whereas the chain of more than 20 monosaccharide residues is called as polysaccharide. e.g. Starch, glycogen, cellulose.  These carbohydrate chains are made of with identical monosaccharides of different monosaccharide.

12. School of Science and Technology, Online Counseling Resource… © 2007, YCMOU. All Rights Reserved.12 Monosaccharides-IV  Carbohydrate chain made of with identical monosaccharides is called as homoglycan.  Carbohydrate chain made of with identical monosaccharides is called as heteroglycan.  Many times the carbohydrate chains are linked to proteins or lipids forming the macromolecules called as Glycoconjugates.  Peptidoglycans, glucoproteins, proteoglycans,glycolipids are glycoconjugates.

13. School of Science and Technology, Online Counseling Resource… © 2007, YCMOU. All Rights Reserved.13 Monosaccharides-V  The monosaccharides can be represented by different formulae as: Molecular formula Fischer projection. Haworth projection.

14. School of Science and Technology, Online Counseling Resource… © 2007, YCMOU. All Rights Reserved.14 Monosaccharides-VI  Molecular formula of Glucose is C 6 H 12 O 6  The Fischer projection formula of Glucose The number 1 to 6 denote the position of carbon atoms. Carbon atom number 2 is asymmetric carbon atom responsible for optical isomers of Glucose molecule. Fischer formula is represent configuration of Glucose molecule. However it does not show conformational positions of member elements atoms.

15. School of Science and Technology, Online Counseling Resource… © 2007, YCMOU. All Rights Reserved.15 Monosaccharide-VII  Haworth perspective formula:- Chair form of Glucose

16. School of Science and Technology, Online Counseling Resource… © 2007, YCMOU. All Rights Reserved.16 Amino Acids-I  As amino acids are building blocks of proteins, and proteins act further as building blocks of some cell components.  For example protein collagen used as building blocks for tendons,ligaments, bone and skin.  Keratin is building blocks of nails, hairs and skin layer. Proteins myogen, actin and myosin are building blocks of muscle tissues.

17. School of Science and Technology, Online Counseling Resource… © 2007, YCMOU. All Rights Reserved.17 Amino Acids-II  Amino acids are nitrogenous compounds with carboxyl group (acidic group) and amino group.  They are building blocks of proteins which make number of cell constituents and thus are basic building blocks of cell components.  There are about 20 amino acids.

18. School of Science and Technology, Online Counseling Resource… © 2007, YCMOU. All Rights Reserved.18 Amino Acids-III  Formula of D amino acid:- COOH C NH2H R

19. School of Science and Technology, Online Counseling Resource… © 2007, YCMOU. All Rights Reserved.19 Properties of Amino Acids-I  Asymmetric carbon atom or alpha carbon atom is covalently attached to amino group (Basic group), carboxyl group (Acidic group) and hydrogen atom.  The carboxyl group is negatively charged and amino group is positively charged at pH 7.  The amino acids found in proteins are of L configuration except glycine.  Sequence of amino acids in polypeptide chain of protein is called primary structure of protein.

20. School of Science and Technology, Online Counseling Resource… © 2007, YCMOU. All Rights Reserved.20 Properties of Amino Acids-II  Amino acids are colorless crystalline substances in pure form.  They have high melting point at and above 200°C.  They are soluble in water and ethanol.  They are insoluble in benzene and ether.  Some amino acids such as tryptophan, tyrosine, histidine, and phenylalanine absorb ultra violet light which make their identification easy.

21. School of Science and Technology, Online Counseling Resource… © 2007, YCMOU. All Rights Reserved.21 Properties of Amino Acids-III  Since the amino acids possess acidic and basic group, they can easily dissociate in aqueous solution producing carboxylate and ammonium ions.  The presence of two ionic group give two Pk a values.

22. School of Science and Technology, Online Counseling Resource… © 2007, YCMOU. All Rights Reserved.22 Essential Amino Acids  The amino acids which are not synthesize in body are called as essential amino acids.  Following are the essential amino acids:  Valine.  Phenylalanine.  Tryptophan.  Isoleucine.  Threonine.  Histidine  Methionine  Leucine.  Lysine.

23. School of Science and Technology, Online Counseling Resource… © 2007, YCMOU. All Rights Reserved.23 Fatty Acids and Glycerol-I  Fatty acids are monocarboxylic acids.  Glycerol is three carbon alcohol.  They are number of types of fatty acids such as: Glycerophospholipids Sphingomyelins  The above mentioned fatty acids are called as phospholipids.  The glycerophosphates make the cells membranes in mammals.

24. School of Science and Technology, Online Counseling Resource… © 2007, YCMOU. All Rights Reserved.24 Fatty Acids and Glycerol-II  After the glycerophosphates, sphingolipids are the most abundant in cell membranes.  The other major constituent of cell membrane is cholesterols.

25. School of Science and Technology, Online Counseling Resource… © 2007, YCMOU. All Rights Reserved.25 Fatty Acids and Glycerol-III  The fatty acids containing atleast on carbon -carbon double bond is called as unsaturated fatty acids.  Saturated fatty acids are waxy at room temperature (22°C) whereas the unsaturated fatty acids are liquid at the room temperature.

26. School of Science and Technology, Online Counseling Resource… © 2007, YCMOU. All Rights Reserved.26 Building Blocks of DNA  DNA is essentially most important macromolecules the harbor the all informations for the synthesis of each and every cell constituents.  Nucleotides are the building blocks of DNA.

27. School of Science and Technology, Online Counseling Resource… © 2007, YCMOU. All Rights Reserved.27 Deoxyribonucleoside Triphosphate  Deoxyribonucleoside tripolyphosphate (dNTPs) are building block of DNA.  There are four types dNTPs as follow: Deoxyadenosine triphosphate (dATP). Deoxyguanosine triphosphate (dGTP). Deoxycytidine triphosphate (dCTP). Deoxythymidine triphosphate (dTTP).

28. School of Science and Technology, Online Counseling Resource… What We Learn…..  In this presentation, you have learnt  Building blocks of cell components carbohydrates lipids Proteins and DNA.  Important monosaccharides are: D-Glucose. D-Fructose. D-Mannose. D-Ribose. D-Galactose.

29. School of Science and Technology, Online Counseling Resource… Critical Thinking Question  Which is the most abundant saccharides on earth?

30. School of Science and Technology, Online Counseling Resource… Tips for Critical Thinking Question  All species of plants and animals synthesize glucose.  Polymer of glucose.

31. School of Science and Technology, Online Counseling Resource… Study Tips  Book Title: Fundamentals of Biochemistry Title: Fundamentals of Biochemistry Author:Dr. J. L Jain Author: Dr. J. L Jain Publication: Publication: W S. Chand and Co., New Delhi. Book Title: Principles of Biochemistry Author:Dr. H Robert Horton Author: Dr. H Robert Horton Publication: Publication: W S. Chand and Co., New Delhi.

32. End of the Presentation Thank You !