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The Skeletal System Focus on the Skull
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Review Anatomical Terms
Anterior/Posterior Dorsal/Ventral Medial/Lateral Superior/Inferior
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Axial Skeleton Includes bones of the skull, vertebral column and thoracic cage Creates a framework of support and protection for internal organs Provides sites of attachment of muscles
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The Skull Protects the brain and supports delicate sense organs
8 cranial bones 14 facial bones 6 auditory ossicles (tiny bones in the ears) Hyoid bone
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Bones of the Cranium Frontal bone (1)- forms the forehead and roof of the ocular orbits Parietal Bone (2) – posterior to the frontal bone; forms the sides and roof of skull Occiptal Bone (1) – posterior and inferior portions of the skull; foramen magnum Temporal Bone (2) – form the sides and base of the skull; a number of distinct anatomical landmarks
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Bones of the Cranium – Lateral View
Frontal Bone Parietal Bone Temporal Bone Occipital Bone
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Bones of the Cranium - Frontal
Frontal Bone Parietal Bone Temporal Bone
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Bones of the Cranium – Inferior View
Temporal Bone Parietal Bone Occipital Bone
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Bones of the Cranium – Horizontal View
Frontal Bone Temporal Bone Parietal Bone Occipital Bone
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Sutures of the Cranium Sagittal Suture – extends along the midline of the cranium; between parietal bones Coronal Suture – between frontal bone and parietal bones Lambdoid Suture – between occipital and parietal bones Squamous Suture– between the temporal bones and the parietal bones
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Sutures of the Cranium – Lateral View
Coronal Suture Frontal Bone Parietal Bone Temporal Bone Lambdoid Suture Squamous Suture Occipital Bone
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Sutures of the Cranium - Frontal
Coronal Suture Frontal Bone Parietal Bone Temporal Bone REVIEW
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The skull at birth
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The skull at birth
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Bones of the Cranium continued
Sphenoid Bone–forms the floor of the skull and braces side of skull; acts like a bridge between cranial and facial bones Ethmoid Bone – anterior to the sphenoid; stabilizes the brain; forms the roof and sides of the nasal cavity Vomer – forms the inferior portion of the nasal septum Palatine Bone – forms the posterior hard palate (“roof of mouth”); contributes to the walls of the nasal cavity and the floor of each orbit
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Bones of the Cranium – Lateral View
Coronal Suture Frontal Bone Parietal Bone Sphenoid Bone Temporal Bone Ethmoid Bone Lambdoid Suture Squamous Suture Occipital Bone
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Bones of the Cranium - Frontal
Coronal Suture Frontal Bone Parietal Bone Sphenoid Bone Ethmoid Bone Temporal Bone Vomer
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Bones of the Cranium – Inferior View
Palatine Bone Sphenoid Bone Vomer Temporal Bone Parietal Bone Occipital Bone
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Bones of the Cranium–Horizontal View
Frontal Bone Ethmoid Bone Sphenoid Bone Temporal Bone Parietal Bone Occipital Bone
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Bones of the Face Maxilla (2) – articulates with all other facial bones except the mandible; forms part of the orbit, walls of nasal cavity and anterior roof of mouth Zygomatic Bones (2) – articulates with the frontal bone and the maxilla; completes lateral orbit of eye Nasal Bones– bridge of nose; articulate with frontal bone and maxilla Lacrimal Bones– with the orbit; medial surface Mandible – lower jaw
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Bones of the Face – Lateral View
Coronal Suture Frontal Bone Parietal Bone Sphenoid Bone Temporal Bone Ethmoid Bone Lambdoid Suture Lacrimal Bone Squamous Suture Nasal Bone Occipital Bone Zygomatic Bone Maxilla Mandible
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Bones of the Face - Frontal
Coronal Suture Frontal Bone Parietal Bone Nasal Bone Sphenoid Bone Ethmoid Bone Temporal Bone Lacrimal Bone Zygomatic Bone Maxilla Vomer Mandible
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Bones of the Face – Inferior View
Maxilla Palatine Bone Maxilla Zygomatic Bone Sphenoid Bone Vomer Temporal Bone Parietal Bone Occipital Bone
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Teeth (32) Incisors - 8 Canines - 4 Pre-molars - 8 Molars - 12
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Processes any elevation or projection
Can be part of a joint or a site of attachment for muscles, ligaments and tendons
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Processes of the cranium
Styloid process (temporal) Mastoid process (temporal) Coronoid process (mandible) Condylar process (mandible) Mandibular process (mandible) Occipital condyle (occipital) Zygomatic process (zygomatic) External occipital protuberance (occipital) Pterygoid process (sphenoid) Hamulus of the pterygoid process (sphenoid)
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Styloid Process Pointed piece of bone that extends down from the temporal bone just below the ear Attachment for ligaments that support the hyoid bone and muscles that control the tongue and pharynx
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Mastoid Process Built up area of the lower temporal bone where important neck muscles attach Site of attachment for muscle that rotates and elevates the head and clavicle
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Coronoid Process “like a crown”
Attachment point for muscle that closes the jaw
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Condylar Process Forms a hinge with the temporal bone
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Mandibular Process Smooth surface of the condylar process
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Occipital Condyle Articulates with the atlas vertebrae (the first vertebrae in the spinal column
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Zygomatic Process Three extensions of the zygomatic bone that connect with the frontal bone, maxilla, and temporal bone
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External Occipital Protuberance
Bony protrusion of the occipital bone Muscles that keep the head upright and allow the head to tilt backward attach here
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The Sphenoid Bone Pterygoid Process and the hamulus of the pterygoid process
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Process of the Skull – Lateral View
Coronal Suture Frontal Bone Parietal Bone Sphenoid Bone Temporal Bone Ethmoid Bone Lambdoid Suture Lacrimal Bone Squamous Suture Nasal Bone Occipital Bone Zygomatic Bone Zygomatic Process Maxilla Mastoid Process Styloid Process Mandible
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Process of the Skull - Frontal
Coronal Suture Frontal Bone Parietal Bone Nasal Bone Sphenoid Bone Ethmoid Bone Temporal Bone Lacrimal Bone Zygomatic Bone Ethmoid Bone Maxilla Vomer Mandible
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Process of the Skull– Inferior View
Maxilla Palatine Bone Maxilla Zygomatic Bone Sphenoid Bone Zygomatic Process Vomer Styloid Process Mastoid Process Temporal Bone Occipital Condyle Parietal Bone Occipital Bone
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Processes of the Skull – Horizontal View
Frontal Bone Ethmoid Bone Sphenoid Bone Temporal Bone Parietal Bone Occipital Bone
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Name the Process
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Name the Process
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Foramina and Other Structures
General terms to describe openings include Foramen, canal, meatus, fissure sinus
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Foramina and Other Structures
Supraorbital foramen (frontal) Infraorbital foramen (maxilla) Mental foramen (mandible) Mandibular foramen (mandible) External acoustic meatus (temporal) Palatine foramen (palatine) Foramen ovale (sphenoid) Foramen lacerum (temporal) Foramen spinosum (sphenoid) Foramen rotundum (sphenoid) Jugular foramen (temporal) Foramen magnum (occipital) Stylomastoid foramen (temporal) Carotid canal (temporal)
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Supraorbital foramen**
“above” the orbit Opening for blood vessels and nerves passing from the eyebrows and eyelids
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Infraorbital foramen**
“below the orbit” Opening for facial nerves
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Mental foramen** Distal/lateral opening for the mental nerve and vessels that innervate the lip
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Mandibular foramen Proximal/medial opening for the mental nerve and vessels that innervate the lip and teeth
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External Auditory meatus**
Opening that leads to the eardrum (tympanum)
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Palatine foramen Nerves that innervate the palate
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Foramen ovale** Trigeminal nerve – mandibular branch
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Foramen lacerum Filled with cartilage
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Foramen spinosum Nerves that innervate the meninges enter the brain
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Foramen rotundum Trigeminal nerve: maxillary branch
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Jugular foramen** Jugular vein
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Foramen magnum** Spinal cord
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Stylomastoid foramen Facial nerves exit skull
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Carotid Canal** Carotid artery
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Process of the Skull – Lateral View
Coronal Suture Frontal Bone Parietal Bone Sphenoid Bone Temporal Bone Ethmoid Bone Lambdoid Suture Lacrimal Bone Squamous Suture Nasal Bone Occipital Bone Zygomatic Bone Zygomatic Process Maxilla External Auditory Meatus Mastoid Process Styloid Process Mandible Mental Foramen Mandible
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Process of the Skull - Frontal
Coronal Suture Frontal Bone Parietal Bone Supraorbital Foramen Nasal Bone Superior Orbital Fissure Sphenoid Bone Optic Canal Ethmoid Bone Temporal Bone Lacrimal Bone Infraaorbital Foramen Zygomatic Bone Ethmoid Bone Maxilla Vomer Mandible
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Process of the Skull– Inferior View
Maxilla Palatine Bone Maxilla Zygomatic Bone Sphenoid Bone Zygomatic Process Foramen Ovale Vomer Carotid Canal Styloid Process Jugular Foramen Mastoid Process Temporal Bone Occipital Condyle Parietal Bone Foramen Magnum Occipital Bone
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Processes of the Skull – Horizontal View
Frontal Bone Ethmoid Bone Sphenoid Bone Optic Canal Foramen Ovale Temporal Bone Jugular Foramen Carotid Canal Parietal Bone Occipital Bone Foramen Magnum
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