1. Chapter 3
Matter

2. 3.1 Matter
3.2 Physical and Chemical Properties and Changes
3.3 Elements and Compounds
3.4 Mixtures and Pure Substances
3.5 Separation of Mixtures

3. Anything occupying space and having mass.
Matter
Anything occupying space and having mass.
Matter exists in three states.
Solid
Liquid
Gas

4. The Three States of Water

5. Has a fixed volume and shape. Examples: Ice cube, diamond, iron bar
Solid
Rigid
Has a fixed volume and shape.
Examples:
Ice cube, diamond, iron bar

6. Has a definite volume but no specific shape.
Liquid
Has a definite volume but no specific shape.
Assumes shape of container.
Examples:
Gasoline, water, alcohol, blood

7. Liquid Water Takes the Shape of Its Container

8. Has no fixed volume or shape.
Gas
Has no fixed volume or shape.
Takes the shape and volume of its container.
Examples:
Air, helium, natural gas, oxygen

9. Physical Properties
The characteristics of matter that can be changed without changing its composition or doesn’t involve changing its composition. It’s an adjective.
Characteristics that are directly observable.
Examples:
Odor, color, volume, state (s, l, or g), density, melting point, and boiling point

10. A substance’s ability to form new substances.
Chemical Properties
A substance’s ability to form new substances.
The characteristics that determine how the composition of matter changes as a result of contact with other matter or the influence of energy. It’s an adjective.
Characteristics that describe the behavior of matter.
Examples:
Flammability, steel
will rust, and Food will
digest

11. Ethyl alcohol will boil at 78°C Hardness of a diamond
Concept Check
Classify each of the following as a physical or chemical property.
Ethyl alcohol will boil at 78°C
Hardness of a diamond
Sugar will ferment to form ethyl alcohol
physical
chemical
Ethyl alcohol boiling at 78°C
Physical property: boiling point is associated with a phase change. It describes an inherent characteristic of alcohol.
Hardness of a diamond.
Physical property: describes an inherent characteristic of diamond – hardness.
Sugar fermenting to form ethyl alcohol.
Chemical property: describes behavior of sugar – forming a new substance (ethyl alcohol) through a chemical reaction.

12. Boiling or freezing water
Physical Change
Change in the form of a substance, not in its chemical composition. It’s a verb.
Example:
Boiling or freezing water

13. Chemical Change
A given substance becomes a new substance or substances with different properties and different composition. It’s a verb.
Example:
Bunsen burner (methane reacts with oxygen to form carbon dioxide and water)

14. Electrolysis of Water Burning of Wood

15. Water decomposes to hydrogen and oxygen gases.
Electrolysis of Water
Water decomposes to hydrogen and oxygen gases.

16. Pulverizing (crushing) rock salt Burning of wood
Concept Check
How many of the following are examples of a chemical change?
Pulverizing (crushing) rock salt
Burning of wood
Dissolving of sugar in water
Melting a popsicle on a warm summer day
1 (burning of wood)
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17. Matter Pure Substances Mixtures Classification of Matter1
Separate by Chemical Processes -burning -fermentation -rusting
Separate by Physical Processes -filtering -distillation -centrifuging
Classification of Matter
Matter
Pure Substances
Mixtures
Elements (atoms)
Compounds (molecules)
Homogeneous (solutions)
Heterogeneous (most things)
Air
Sodas
Ocean Water
Alcoholic drinks
Granite
Sand
Wood
Orange Juice
Hydrogen
Oxygen
Copper
Zinc
Water
Alcohol
Sugar
Salt

18. Sugar fermenting to form ethyl alcohol Iron metal melting
Concept Check
Classify each of the following as a physical or chemical change.
Sugar fermenting to form ethyl alcohol
Iron metal melting
Iron combining with oxygen to form rust
chemical
physical
Sugar fermenting to form ethyl alcohol.
Chemical change: describes how sugar forms a new substance (ethyl alcohol) via a chemical reaction.
Iron metal melting.
Physical change: describes a state change, but the material is still iron.
Iron combining with oxygen to form rust.
Chemical change: describes how iron and oxygen react to make a new substance, rust.
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19. Iron (Fe), aluminum (Al), oxygen (O2), and hydrogen (H2)
Element
A substance that cannot be broken down into other substances by chemical methods.
Examples:
Iron (Fe), aluminum (Al), oxygen (O2), and hydrogen (H2)
All of the matter in the world around us contains elements.
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20. Always have the same composition and are formed by chemical processes.
Pure Substances
Always have the same composition and
are formed by chemical processes.
Either elements or compounds.
Examples:
Pure water (H2O), carbon dioxide (CO2), hydrogen (H2), gold (Au)
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21. Water (H2O), carbon dioxide (CO2), table sugar (C12H22O11)
Compound
A substance composed of a given combination of elements that can be broken down into those elements by chemical methods.
Examples:
Water (H2O), carbon dioxide (CO2), table sugar (C12H22O11)
A compound always contains atoms of different elements.
A compound always has the same composition (same combination of atoms).
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22. How many of the following are compounds? H2O, N2, NaOH, MnO2, H2
Concept Check
How many of the following are compounds?
H2O, N2, NaOH, MnO2, H2
Three – H2O, NaOH, MnO2
Five – All of the substances are compounds. Compounds always contain atoms of different elements.
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23. Have variable composition. Examples Wood, wine, coffee, granite
Mixtures
Have variable composition.
Examples
Wood, wine, coffee, granite
Can be separated into pure substances: elements and/or compounds using physical processes.

24. Having visibly indistinguishable parts. A solution.
Homogeneous Mixture
Same throughout.
Having visibly indistinguishable parts.
A solution.
Does not vary in composition from one region to another.
Apple Juice Cranberry Juice Orange Juice

25. Homogeneous Mixture – Examples
Air around you
Brass
Table salt stirred into water

26. Heterogeneous Mixture
Having visibly distinguishable parts.
Contains regions that have different properties from those of other regions.

27. Heterogeneous Mixture – Examples
Oil and vinegar dressing
Sand stirred into water
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28. Pure water Gasoline Jar of jelly beans Soil Copper metal Concept Check
Which of the following is a homogeneous mixture?
Pure water
Gasoline
Jar of jelly beans
Soil
Copper metal
gasoline
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29. Different Physical Property
Mixtures can be separated based on different physical properties of the components.
Evaporation
Volatility
Chromatography
Adherence to a surface
Filtration
State of matter
(solid/liquid/gas)
Distillation
Boiling point
Technique
Different Physical Property
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30. Distillation of a Solution Consisting of Salt Dissolved in Water
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31. No chemical change occurs when salt water is distilled.
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32. The Organization of Matter
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33. Filtration Reverse Osmosis Separates a liquid from a solid.
Separates a liquid from a solution. See Chapter 15.

34. Supercritical Carbon Dioxide Extraction
Maxwell House decaffeinates its coffee using pure water and natural effervescence. (1978)
See Chapter 15.
A method of making reduced oil content in food chip products, such as potato chips and corn chips, includes circulating liquid carbon dioxide, over the food chip products to extract oil. Reduction of oil content to less than 50% of its initial value, including reductions to 25%, may be achieved while retaining flavor and texture comparable to conventional deep fried chips having an oil content of 30% to 40%. The oil which
is recovered from the liquid carbon dioxide
used for extraction has an appearance and
quality which are substantially the same as
virgin frying oil and may be reused to deep
fry chips.
SCF unit