1. DNA Replication

2. https://www.inkling.com/read/anatomy-and-physiology-kenneth-saladin-6th/chapter- 4/dna-replication-and-the-cell

3. In order for cells to grow and divide, they must be able to make new copies of DNA that they can pass on to their daughter cells. This process is called DNA replication. 3.4.1

4. In the first step of replication, the enzyme DNA Helicase unwinds the double helix. It then separates the DNA strands by breaking the hydrogen bonds between the bases. Unzipping the two strands allows access to the individual nucleotides that are needed for the replication process to continue.

5. 3.4.1 Next, DNA polymerase enzymes attach to the newly separated strands of DNA. The enzyme then uses free nucleotides and synthesizes complementary strands by reading the original strands. When the process is finished, two identical DNA strands have been produced.

6. 3.4.1

8. 3.4.2 3’ TGCCAAGGCTTGAG 5’ During the process of synthesizing DNA, DNA polymerase reads the original strands and adds complementary base pairs. See below for an example. 5’ ACGGTTCCGAACTC 3’ 3’ TGCCAAGGCTTGAG 5’ 5’ ACGGTTCCGAACTC 3’ This complementary base pairing is important for conserving the base sequence of DNA. It ensures that each new strand is identical to the original.

9. DNA polymerases contain a ‘proofreading’ mechanism. This removes nucleotides that have been mistakenly added. DNA polymerase is fast and accurate, but it makes mistakes. For example, it might read A and place a C across from it where it should have placed a T. If nothing were done to correct such errors, each generation of cells would have thousands of faulty proteins, coded for by DNA that had been miscopied. To prevent such catastrophic damage to the cell, there are multiple modes of correcting replication errors. The DNA polymerase itself double-checks the new base pair and tends to replace incorrect, biochemically unstable pairs with more stable, correct pairs—for example, removing C and replacing it with T. As a result, only one mistake remains for every billion base pairs replicated—a very high degree of replication accuracy, if not completely flawless.

10. 3.4.3