1. EGYPT: The Land Of Mysteries

2. Geography of Egypt: Locations EgyptLuxorSuez Canal IsraelMemphisLake Nasser Saudi ArabiaThebesAswan Dam Lower EgyptRosettaRed Sea Upper Egypt*CairoNile Nile DeltaAlexandriaGulf of Suez LibyaGizaMediterranean Sea JordanKarnakRosetta SudanSinai Valley of the Kings

3. Ancient Egypt Where is Egypt located? Northeastern Africa along Nile Valley Why was Egypt called “The Gift of the Nile”? longest river in the world – 4,200 miles It’s banks overflowed hence, making the land fertile Trade What was the “Nileometer” ? Used to measure the height of the Nile to control flooding

4. Ancient Egypt Continued  What discovery opened the way for the study of the Egyptian history? Rosetta Stone  What was Rosetta Stone? Is a Basalt Slab inscribed by priest in hieroglyphics 1799 Napoleon troops found it and Jean Champollion translated the stone

5. Readings: Human Heritage Delta: a fan-shaped area of fertile land Cataracts: Physical borders- desert, sea, waterfalls Shadoof- a machine to lift water from the Nile to the basins

6. Uniting Upper and Lower Egypt Who unified Egypt? Narmer Three Major Periods in Egyptian history 1. Old Kingdom / Age of Pyramid 2. Middle Kingdom / Age of the Nobles 3. New Kingdom / Age of the Empire

7. Old Kingdom  What are the three seasons in Egypt? 1.Flooding 2.Coming Forth 3.Harvest During the Old Kingdom, Egyptian rulers acquired extensive power.

8. Theories of building a pyramid  Site  Research  Giza  Blueprint  Imhotep

9. Theories cont. Workers are assembled After the Harvest Paid: food, clothes Tools Site is cleared

10. Theories: cont.  Stones are made at the quarries and moved to the site  Across the Nile River  Limestone: stone cutters  Stones are placed  Sleds/ rollers

11. Theories cont. Capstone is raised Gold Start to dismantle the ramps and polish stones Pyramid is built 40 stories, 23 years, 2 million stones: Khufu’s

12. Three theories to building pyramids 1. Single ramp system 2. Wrap around ramp system 3. Combinations of the single and wrap around ramp system

13. Movie: Pyramids Who was Osiris? - Reign over King of the dead -Isis was his wife - Killed by Seth Who was Ma’at? - Harmony in society - Idea of the Universe in perfect harmony Who was Kafre? - Believed to be Sphinx - Son of Khufu

14. Pyramid Con. Who was Khufu? - Pharaoh of Egypt - Great pyramid at Giza built for him - Cartouche - Oval around Pharaohs name What was ka? - Soul - Spiritual part

15. Procedures of Mummification Mummification- process of preserving the body Natron- dehydrated the body Canopic Jars- containers for organs What did they do with the brain? Resin- preserved the bandages Sarcophagus- coffins

16. Old Kingdom Quiz: TERMS EgyptKAResin NileometerBAKafre NarmerImhotep HerodotusPyramid Theory Rosetta StoneDynasty YoungPharaoh HieroglyphicsCartouche Ma’atMummification KhufuNatron

17. Reasons for the decline of the Old Kingdom 1. Heavy Taxes 2. People lose loyalty to the Pharaohs 3. Civil Wars MIDDLE KINGDOM or AGE OF THE NOBLES Gov’t officials take over Pharaohs lose power The start of the Valley of the Kings Hyksos invade Egypt

18. New Kingdom or Age of the Empire Ahmose, an Egyptian prince defeated the Hyksos and started the New Kingdom. Hatshepsut Thutmose III Amenhotep IV Tutankhamon Ramses II

19. New Kingdom:  Hatshepsut: She built obelisks and a magnificent tomb. She was interested in trade. She was one of the first women rulers in history. She was known as the bearded queen. Egypt grew rich during her reign.  Thutmose III He was referred to as the Napoleon of Egypt. He conquered Palestine, Syria and Phoenicia. He created the largest empire Egypt has ever seen. He was buried at the Valley of the Kings. There is some confusion on the defacing of Hatshepsut’s tombs.

20. New Kingdom: Amenhotep IV- He wanted to return all power back to the Pharaoh’s. He fired all temple workers and closed the temples. He changed the religion of Egypt to Monotheism. The worship of Aton. He changes his name to Akhenaton. Tutankhamon- He became the Pharaoh at the age of 9. He was forced to return Egypt to Polytheism and open the temples. His tomb was discovered by Howard Carter. The dig was paid by Lord Carnarvon. The tomb was discovered in the Valley of the Kings. ( Mummies Curse)

21. New Kingdom: Ramses II- He was known for building monuments. He fought against the Hittites. They signed the first written treaty in history. He was the Pharaoh when Moses led the Exodus. He is the best preserved mummy.

22. Review Sheets Where is Egypt? – Northeastern Africa Who called Egypt the “Gift of the Nile”? Why? Herodotus – father of history – one of the first to record history What are the three Seasons? Flooding, Coming forth, harvest Nileometer – Use to measure the height of the Nile Rosetta Stone – Three writing system *Greek *Demonic *Hieroglyphics; Thomas Young; Jean Champollion; Discovered by Napoleon Troops

23. Narmer- unified upper and lower Egypt Three Historical periods- Old Kingdom or Age of Pyramid, Middle Kingdom or Age of Nobles, and New Kingdom or Age of Empire Hieroglyphics- picture writings Papyrus- paper Pharaoh- “great house” Mummification- process of preserving the body Theories of building the pyramids- 1. single ramp 2. wrap around 3. combination of the two Valley of the Kings- tombs in Upper Egypt Hyksos- invaded Egypt using chariots Ka- soul Ba- body

24. Ma’at- harmony in society What was the purpose of jewelry? Protection Cartouche- oval around Pharaoh’s name Hatshepsut- Thutmose III- Amenhotep IV- Tutankhamen- Ramses II-