1. 1. Coal 2. Oil 3. Natural Gas Section 19.2

2. What is it? Mixture 50–90% Methane (CH 4 ) Ethane (C 2 H 6 ) Propane (C 3 H 8 ) Butane (C 4 H 10 ) Hydrogen sulfide (H 2 S) www.bio.miami.edu/beck/esc101/Chapter14&15.ppt

3. How is it formed? Similar to oil, but can be land or marine organisms Pressure, heat, and time www.bio.miami.edu/beck/esc101/Chapter14&15.ppt

4. Where is it found? Conventional natural gas = above most reservoirs of crude oil Unconventional = deposits of gas hydrates (water + methane) Global deposits estimated to contain 2X as much carbon as all other fossil fuels Not yet economically feasible www.bio.miami.edu/beck/esc101/Chapter14&15.ppt

5. Where is it found in the world? Russia & Kazakhstan - almost 40% of world's supply. Iran (15%), Qatar (5%), Saudi Arabia (4%), Algeria (4%), United States (3%), Nigeria (3%), Venezuela (3%); 90–95% of natural gas used in U.S. is domestic 255,000 miles of pipeline www.bio.miami.edu/beck/esc101/Chapter14&15.ppt

6. billion cubic metres

7. Natural Gas Extraction 1.Tap gas field - Propane & butane are liquefied (liquefied petroleum gas - LPG) Stored in pressurized tanks 2.Remaining gas (methane) is dried to remove water, cleansed to remove impurities, pressurized & piped to homes. Odor is added to detect leaks 3.Liquefied natural gas (LNG) can be shipped in refrigerated tanker ships Lose ¼ of net energy when this is done

8. What is it used for? Fuel for transportation Producing electricity and heat

9. www.bio.miami.edu/beck/esc101/Chapter14&15.ppt

10. According to Figure 12–4, the percentage of global primary energy that is supplied by fossil fuels is approximately 1.35% 2.23% 3.21% 4.11% 5.80% 12.2

11. According to Figure 12–4, the percentage of global primary energy that is supplied by fossil fuels is approximately 1.35% 2.23% 3.21% 4.11% 5.80% 12.2

12. Which of the following fuels burns more cleanly than the others, releasing primarily carbon dioxide and water? 1.petroleum 2.coal 3.natural gas 12.3

13. Which of the following fuels burns more cleanly than the others, releasing primarily carbon dioxide and water? 1.petroleum 2.coal 3.natural gas 12.3

14. Of the U.S. end uses featured in Figure 12–10, which is the least efficient energy end use? 1.transportation 2.industrial 3.residential 4.electrical 5.commercial 12.6

15. Of the U.S. end uses featured in Figure 12–10, which is the least efficient energy end use? 1.transportation 2.industrial 3.residential 4.electrical 5.commercial 12.6

16. Which of the following is NOT true about petroleum, natural gas, and coal? 1.They are still being formed at rates that will sustain current use. 2.They were formed over millions of years from fossilized bodies of dead organisms. 3.The unevenness of deposits around the world has contributed to international conflict. 4.The presence of oil in modern day Alaska is evidence of tropical climate in the past. 5.They provide energy that has driven our economy, but also pollution that damages our environment. 12.7

17. Which of the following is NOT true about petroleum, natural gas, and coal? 1.They are still being formed at rates that will sustain current use. 2.They were formed over millions of years from fossilized bodies of dead organisms. 3.The unevenness of deposits around the world has contributed to international conflict. 4.The presence of oil in modern day Alaska is evidence of tropical climate in the past. 5.They provide energy that has driven our economy, but also pollution that damages our environment. 12.7

18. All of the following countries are OPEC members EXCEPT 1.Saudi Arabia. 2.Iraq. 3.Venezuela. 4.Nigeria. 5.Russia. 12.9

19. All of the following countries are OPEC members EXCEPT 1.Saudi Arabia. 2.Iraq. 3.Venezuela. 4.Nigeria. 5.Russia. 12.9

20. Which of the following is NOT true about coal use in the U.S.? 1.At current rates of consumption, U.S. coal reserves will likely be depleted by the end of the 21 st century. 2.About half of U.S. electricity is generated by burning coal. 3.There are large deposits of coal within the continental U.S. 4.Legislation has been used to reduce the negative impacts of coal mining and pollution. 5.Burning of coal produces sulfur dioxide and fly ash plus higher carbon dioxide emissions than oil or natural gas. 12.11

21. Which of the following is NOT true about coal use in the U.S.? 1.At current rates of consumption, U.S. coal reserves will likely be depleted by the end of the 21 st century. 2.About half of U.S. electricity is generated by burning coal. 3.There are large deposits of coal within the continental U.S. 4.Legislation has been used to reduce the negative impacts of coal mining and pollution. 5.Burning of coal produces sulfur dioxide and fly ash plus higher carbon dioxide emissions than oil or natural gas. 12.11