1. MIGRATION

2. Movement Mobility ranging from local to global and daily to once a lifetime Mobility ranging from local to global and daily to once a lifetime Movement is a good example of the spatial process (spatial interaction; diffusion; distribution; patterns). Movement is a good example of the spatial process (spatial interaction; diffusion; distribution; patterns).

3. What is activity space? The great majority of people have a daily routine that takes them through a sequence of short moves that geographers call activity space. The great majority of people have a daily routine that takes them through a sequence of short moves that geographers call activity space. America is the world’s most mobile society. America is the world’s most mobile society. Technology has greatly expanded activity space, particularly in wealthier, more developed countries. Technology has greatly expanded activity space, particularly in wealthier, more developed countries.

4. Types of movement Cyclic movement Cyclic movement Periodic movement Periodic movement Migration Migration

5. Types of Movement CYCLIC MOVEMENT: movement that CYCLIC MOVEMENT: movement that has a closed route Examples Examples Commuting: Home to work and Commuting: Home to work and back home Seasonal: “Sunbelt” States Seasonal: “Sunbelt” States Nomadism: Movement over Nomadism: Movement over territory for survival repeated time and again Daily classes Daily classes

6. Types of Movement PERIODIC MOVEMENT: movement away from home for a longer period. PERIODIC MOVEMENT: movement away from home for a longer period. Examples Examples Migrant labor: moving across borders for work Migrant labor: moving across borders for work Transhumance: moving livestock to pastures based on season (rain, temperature) Transhumance: moving livestock to pastures based on season (rain, temperature) Military service Military service College attendance College attendance

7. What is Migration? Definition: the long-term relocation of an individual, household, or group to a new location outside the community of origin; a purposeful movement involving a change of permanent residence Definition: the long-term relocation of an individual, household, or group to a new location outside the community of origin; a purposeful movement involving a change of permanent residence

8. Migration is a complex phenomenon that raises many questions. Why do people move? All migration is a combination of push and pull factors.

9. What are push factors of migration? Defined: unfavorable characteristics of a locale that contribute to the dissatisfaction of its residents and impel their emigration Defined: unfavorable characteristics of a locale that contribute to the dissatisfaction of its residents and impel their emigration Examples: widespread unemployment; poverty; discrimination; political unrest; war; famine and/or drought; land shortage; overpopulation Examples: widespread unemployment; poverty; discrimination; political unrest; war; famine and/or drought; land shortage; overpopulation

10. What are pull factors of migration? Defined: characteristics of a locale that act as attractive forces, drawing migrants from other places Examples: employment opportunities; political and/or personal freedoms (speech; religion, right to vote, etc.); land; amenities (e.g. retirement) Important to note: Many people move based on excessively positive images and expectations (not always accurate).

11. Most people migrate for economic reasons. Search for better paying jobs Search for better paying jobs To find new jobs/employment To find new jobs/employment To escape poverty or low standards of To escape poverty or low standards of living living

12. Catalysts of Migration: What causes it to happen? Economic conditions Economic conditions Poverty (push factors) Poverty (push factors) Perceived opportunities in destinations (pull factors) Perceived opportunities in destinations (pull factors) Technological advances Technological advances Modern transportation makes migration easier Modern transportation makes migration easier Allows people to migrate where jobs are available Allows people to migrate where jobs are available

13. Other reasons/catalysts for migration… Armed conflict and civil war Armed conflict and civil war Three million people drive from their homes in the former Yugoslavia Three million people drive from their homes in the former Yugoslavia Civil war in Rwanda (Hutu and Tutsis) Civil war in Rwanda (Hutu and Tutsis) Political circumstances Political circumstances Oppressive regimes Oppressive regimes Cuba Cuba Vietnam’s “boat people” Vietnam’s “boat people”

14. Reasons continued… Environmental Conditions Potato Famine in Ireland (1840s) Major earthquakes, volcanic eruptions, or hurricanes (Gulf Coast of U.S.—2005) Culture and Tradition Muslims migrated from India when it was partitioned Jews left the former Soviet Union for Israel

15. Voluntary MigrationForced Migration Occurs when people choose to migrate Occurs when people choose to migrate Remember: the # 1 reason people migrate: ECONOMIC! Remember: the # 1 reason people migrate: ECONOMIC! Any voluntary migration flow represents the numbers going from the source to the destination minus those returning to the source. Any voluntary migration flow represents the numbers going from the source to the destination minus those returning to the source. Also referred to as involuntary migration Examples: The Transatlantic Slave Trade: largest number of slaves were brought to plantations in the Caribbean and eastern South America; black population was one million in U.S. in 1800 Convicts shipped from Britain to Australia beginning in 1788 1800s: Native Americans in U.S. forced to live on reservations

16. E.G. RAVENSTEIN (1834—1913) British sociologist LAWS OF MIGRATION: LAWS OF MIGRATION: 1. Most migrants go only a short distance. 2. Longer distance migration favors big city destinations. In other words, people will travel farther if they are migrating to a city. 3. Most migration proceeds step-by-step. 4. Most migration is rural to urban. 5. Each migration flow produces a counterflow. 6. Most migrants are adults; families are less likely to make international moves. 7. Most international migrants are young males.

17. About Ravenstein’s laws: 1. He concluded that most move short distances and that the frequency of moves declines with distance (distance decay). 3. Step Migration – When a migrant follows a path of a series of stages, or steps toward a final destination. * intervening opportunity –at one of the steps along the path, pull factors encourage the migrant to settle the path, pull factors encourage the migrant to settle there. there. 4. Urban residents are less migratory than inhabitants of rural areas. 6. Chain migration also needs to be considered. Defined: a process by which people are given preference for migrating to another country because a relative was previously admitted. Asians are know to be the most effective users of chain migration. Defined: a process by which people are given preference for migrating to another country because a relative was previously admitted. Asians are know to be the most effective users of chain migration. 7. Less valid today than when first proposed. In reality, women and girls now comprise between 40-60% of all international migrants worldwide.

18. INTERNAL MIGRATIONS Migration that occurs within a single countries borders Example: African-Americans moved northward during World War I; most migrants came from rural areas; 1970s—more were leaving the North and returning to the South because of changing civil rights conditions Varies depending on mobility of country US: Urban to Suburban Peru: Rural to Urban

19. INTERNAL MIGRATIONS Two Types: 1.Intraregional 2.Interregional

20. Intraregional Migration Intraregional migrations--people moving or being moved within one geographic realm (region) of a country Intraregional migrations--people moving or being moved within one geographic realm (region) of a country Current examples: Current examples: Rural to urban: Rural to urban: increases with development, ¾ of core countries population in urban areas increases with development, ¾ of core countries population in urban areas Urban to suburban: Urban to suburban: lifestyle changes lifestyle changes Metropolitan to nonmetropolitan areas: Metropolitan to nonmetropolitan areas: called counterurbanization, increased technology allows people to work outside of the city called counterurbanization, increased technology allows people to work outside of the city

21. Interregional Migrations Current USA examples: Current USA examples: Movement North to South, and East to West Movement North to South, and East to West refugees/evacuees from the Gulf Coast region to other parts of the United States, refugees/evacuees from the Gulf Coast region to other parts of the United States, rural to urban areas to find jobs rural to urban areas to find jobs Definition-people moving or being moved from one geographic realm (region) to another within a country Definition-people moving or being moved from one geographic realm (region) to another within a country From South

22. Interregional Migrations Current World examples: Current World examples: To Brazil’s interior: Brasilia To Brazil’s interior: Brasilia to North in Italy, and North to South in the UK for Jobs to North in Italy, and North to South in the UK for Jobs Islands of development are cities with foreign investment and jobs Islands of development are cities with foreign investment and jobs West African coast West African coast European colonies in SE Asia attracted Chinese European colonies in SE Asia attracted Chinese

23. External Migration Movement across country borders Movement across country borders Also called International migration Also called International migration Emigrant: one who migrates out of a country Emigrant: one who migrates out of a country Subtracts from total population Subtracts from total population Immigrant: one who migrates into a country Immigrant: one who migrates into a country Adds to total population Adds to total population

24. Major Global Migration Flows From 1500 to 1950

25. Global Migration Patterns From less-developed Stage 2 countries into more- developed Stage 4 countries From less-developed Stage 2 countries into more- developed Stage 4 countries 3 largest migration flows 3 largest migration flows Asia to Europe Asia to Europe Asia to North America Asia to North America Latin America to North America Latin America to North America Net In Migration: North America, Europe, Oceania Net In Migration: North America, Europe, Oceania Net Out Migration: Asia, Latin America, Africa Net Out Migration: Asia, Latin America, Africa

26. US Immigration Patterns Three main waves Three main waves 1. Colonial America: 1607-1840 1. European settlement- 2 million, mostly British 2. African slaves – 800, 000

27. Immigration to the United States, 1820 to 2001

28. US Immigration Patterns 2. 19 th century (1840-1910) 3 European Peaks 3 European Peaks 1. 1840s and 1850s: -Northern and Western Europe (Ireland, Germany) 2. 1880s: -Northern and Western Europe (Ireland, Germany, Norway, Sweden) 3. 1900-1910: -Southern and Eastern Europe [Italy, Russia, Austria-Hungary (Bosnia-Herzegovina, Croatia, Czech Republic, Poland, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Ukraine) ]

29. Immigration to the United States, 1820 to 2001

30. US Immigration Patterns 3. Second-half of 20 th century (1950-2008) Less developed regions Less developed regions 1. Latin America: Mexico, Dominican Republic, El Salvador 2. Asia: China, Philippines, India, Vietnam

31. Immigration to the United States, 1820 to 2001

32. Immigration Policies USA Quota Laws USA Quota Laws Quota Act of 1921 and Origins Act of 1924: 2% of 1910 population Quota Act of 1921 and Origins Act of 1924: 2% of 1910 population Immigration Act of 1965 Immigration Act of 1965 1968: Hemisphere quotas 1968: Hemisphere quotas 1978: Global Quotas 1978: Global Quotas Currently: Global Quota of 620, 000 with no more than 7% from each country Currently: Global Quota of 620, 000 with no more than 7% from each country Major Exceptions: family reunification, employment, talented, lottery, refugees Major Exceptions: family reunification, employment, talented, lottery, refugees

33. Immigration Policies Brain Drain: large-scale emigration by talented people out of the periphery Brain Drain: large-scale emigration by talented people out of the periphery Guest Workers: To Europe from Middle East and North Africa Guest Workers: To Europe from Middle East and North Africa Example: 750, 000 Turks employed in Germany Example: 750, 000 Turks employed in Germany Time-Contract workers: South and East Asian workers to Southeast Asia Time-Contract workers: South and East Asian workers to Southeast Asia

34. What about refugees? UN definition UN definition A person who has well-founded fear of being persecuted for reasons of race, religion, nationality, membership of a particular social group, or political group. A person who has well-founded fear of being persecuted for reasons of race, religion, nationality, membership of a particular social group, or political group. UN reports 24 million refugees worldwide UN reports 24 million refugees worldwide

35. What about refugees? UN definitions International refugees: International refugees: Those who have crossed one or more international borders and are encamped in a country other than their own Those who have crossed one or more international borders and are encamped in a country other than their own Intranational refugees: Those who have abandoned their homes but not their homeland

36. It is difficult to identify refugees. No mention of natural/enviromental disaster No mention of natural/enviromental disaster UN must distinguish between refugees and voluntary migrants before granting asylum. UN must distinguish between refugees and voluntary migrants before granting asylum. Three general characteristics, individual or aggregate (collectively): Three general characteristics, individual or aggregate (collectively): Most refugees move without any more tangible property than they can carry or transport with them. Most refugees move without any more tangible property than they can carry or transport with them. Most refugees make their first “step” on foot, by bicycle, wagon, or open boat. Most refugees make their first “step” on foot, by bicycle, wagon, or open boat. Refugees move without the official documents that accompany channeled migrations. Refugees move without the official documents that accompany channeled migrations.

37. Regions of Dislocation Sub-Saharan Africa Sub-Saharan Africa Several of the world’s largest refugee crises plagued Africa during the 1990s and early 21 st century -8 million “official” refugees Several of the world’s largest refugee crises plagued Africa during the 1990s and early 21 st century -8 million “official” refugees Civil wars in Liberia, Sierra Leone, Angola, and Sudan Civil wars in Liberia, Sierra Leone, Angola, and Sudan Hostilities between the Hutu and Tutsi tribes in Rwanda Hostilities between the Hutu and Tutsi tribes in Rwanda

38. Other regions of dislocation… North Africa and Southwest Asia Israel and the displaced Arab populations that surround it Exhibits qualities that are likely to generate additional refugee flow in the future The Kurdish population following the Gulf War (1991) Taliban rule in Afghanistan Afghanistan after the Soviet invasion during the 1980s

39. Regions of dislocation continued… South Asia South Asia Pakistan accommodated forced emigrants from Afghanistan Pakistan accommodated forced emigrants from Afghanistan Major refugee problem stems from a civil war in Sri Lanka Major refugee problem stems from a civil war in Sri Lanka

40. Regions of dislocation continued… Southeast Asia “Boat people” who fled communist rule in Vietnam In the early 1990s, Cambodia generated the region’s largest refugee flow Today--largest number of refugees come from Myanmar (Burma)

41. Regions of dislocation continued… Europe After the collapse of Yugoslavia, over 1 million were displaced South America South America Colombian illegal drug violence, especially in rural areas Colombian illegal drug violence, especially in rural areas