2. SOUND WAVE PROPERTIES

3. Sound longitudinal Sound is a longitudinal (Mechanical)wave caused by a vibrating object Molecules collide, producing sound Examples: Vocal chords, guitar or piano strings, tuning fork, etc.

4. Longitudinal Wave Referred to as a PRESSURE WAVE A sound wave has high pressure and low pressure regions moving through a medium The high pressure regions are called compressions, molecules are compressed The low pressure regions are called rarefactions, molecules are spread out

6. Frequency The frequency of a sound wave (or any wave) is the number of complete vibrations per second. The frequency of sound determines its pitch The higher the frequency, the higher the pitch The lower the frequency, the lower the pitch

7. Wavelength Wavelength is the distance between two high pressures or two low pressures Wavelength and frequency are inversely related A short wavelength (high frequency) results in a high pitch http://phet.colorado.edu/en/simulation/sound

9. Frequency and the human ear Humans can hear a range of frequencies from 20 Hz to 20,000 Hz The older you get, the hearing range shrinks Sound waves with frequencies below 20 Hz are called infrasonic Sound waves with frequencies above 20,000 Hz are called ultrasonic

10. Amplitude The AMPLITUDE of a sound wave determines it’s loudness or softness This means the more energy in a sound wave, the louder the sound Sound intensity is a measure of how much energy passes a given point in a time period Intensity is measured in decibels

12. Sound Behaviors: Reflection Reflection of sound results in an echo Sound waves leave a source, travel a distance, and bounce back to the origin Animals, like bats, uses echoes to locate prey Other uses include determining distance between objects, echocardiograms The distance the sound travels to get back to the origin is 2x the distance between the sound source and boundary

13. Sound Behavior: Refraction Refraction occurs when sound moves from one medium to another The wave bends, and the speed changes Even when sound moves from warmer areas to cooler areas, refraction occurs

14. Sound Behavior: Diffraction Diffraction occurs when sound waves pass through an opening or through a barrier Low pitched sound waves travel farther than high pitched sound waves Animals use diffraction for communication

15. Velocity Velocity of sound depends on the medium it travels through and the phase of the medium Sound travels faster in liquids than in air (4 times faster in water than air) Sound travels faster in solids than in liquids (11 times faster in iron than in air) Sound does not travel through a vacuum (there is no air so sound has no medium)

16. Velocity and Temperature In air at room temperature, sound travels at 343 m/s (at 20°C). This is about 766 mph. As temperature increases, the velocity of sound increases v= velocity of sound in air T=temperature of air in °C v=331 + (0.6)T

17. Wave Equation

18. Bellwork 1. What type of wave is a sound wave? 2. What is a compression? Rarefaction? 3. Based on yesterday’s class, state the relationship between wavelength and the pitch of a sound wave. 4. Explain in one sentence how blowing across a straw produces a sound. 5. How can you change the loudness of a sound you produce?

19. Example Problems: 1. Sound waves travel at approximately 340 m/s. What is the wavelength of a sound wave with a frequency of 20 Hz? 2. What is the speed of sound traveling in air at 20º C? 3. If the above sound wave has a frequency of 261.6 Hz, what is the wavelength of the wave?

20. What is the Doppler Effect? http://molebash.com/doppler/home.htm

21. Doppler Effect Sound waves move out in all directions

22. Definition The Doppler effect is a change in the apparent frequency due to the motion of the source or the receiver Example: As an ambulance with sirens approaches, the pitch seems high. As the ambulance moves by the pitch lowers.

23. Doppler Effect As the wave travels outward, the front of the wave bunches up, producing a shorter wavelength We hear a higher frequency

24. The back of the wave spreads out, producing a longer wavelength We hear a lower frequency http://www.sounddogs.com/searchresu lts.asp?Keyword=Doppler http://www.sounddogs.com/searchresu lts.asp?Keyword=Doppler

25. AObserver A hears a low pitch (lower frequency) BObserver B hears the correct pitch (no change in frequency) CObserver C hears a high pitch (high frequency)

26. When the source goes faster, the wave fronts in the front of the source start to bunch up closer and closer together, until...

27. The object actually starts to go faster than the speed of sound. A sonic boom is then created.

28. Uses of the Doppler Effect Police use Doppler to measure your speed with radar A frequency is sent out with a radar gun The sound wave hits your car and bounces back to the police car Speed can be determined based on the frequency changes received Radar can be used to determine the speed of baseballs Astronomers can determine the distance to other galaxies Bats use Doppler to locate prey If the bat is catching the prey, the frequency is high If the prey is moving away from the bat, the frequency is low

29. Doppler Equation

30. Things to remember

31. Example A trumpet player plays a C note of 524 Hz while traveling in a convertible at 24.6 m/s. If the car is coming toward you, what frequency should you hear? Assume the temperature is 20°C.

32. Homework p.405 # 1-5 (use table 15-1 for the speed of sound in various media) p. 409 #6-8 Read Carefully!

33. Hearing Range Frequencies http://www.movingsoundtech.com/ http://www.noiseaddicts.com/2009/03/can-you-hear-this- hearing-test/ http://www.noiseaddicts.com/2009/03/can-you-hear-this- hearing-test/