1. Basic Horticultural Botany

2. What is Horticulture? Horticulture is the art and science of growing vegetable, fruit, medicinal and ornamental plants Agronomy covers the food and fiber and energy crops that are grown on large acreages and are usually seed propagated

3. What are Horticultural Plants? Fruit – Tropical : mango, papaya – Subtropical: Orange, fig – Temperate: Apple, Pear A fruit is an enlarged ovary with seeds and attached parts

4. What are Horticultural Plants? Vegetables – Cool Season: broccoli Cauliflower, spinach,onion – Warm season New Zealand spinach – In the grocery store language: Tomatoes, peppers and squash Vegetables Botanically are plant parts without ovary/seeds.

5. What are Horticultural Plants? Drugs – Plants that have medical use: Echinacea, willow, Ginkgo

6. What are Horticultural Plants? Condiments/ spices: – Plants used to make flavorings: mustard, curry

7. What are Horticultural Plants? Beverage Plants – Coffee, Tea, – Herbal Tisanes – Hops for beer – Agave for Tequila

8. What are Horticultural Plants? Ornamental Plants – Herbaceous – flowers and foliage plants Annuals Perennials – Woody trees and shrubs Ornamentals are planted for shade, beauty, Climate control, windbreaks…

9. Basic Botany/ plant classification Scientific names, Common names Kingdom Division Class Order Family Genus ( pl. Genera) species( sp. or spp.) Cultivar or variety Plantae Tracheophyta Angiospermae Rosales Rosaceae Malus domestica ‘Honeycrisp’

10. More terms used to classify plants Annuals- completes the life cycle in one season Biennial – usually takes two years to complete the life cycle ( carrots, cabbage) Perennial- usually lives more than 2 years – Woody – trees and shrubs Deciduous/ evergreen – Herbaceous Tender/hardy

11. Plant Structures Flowering plants are divided into to large groups: monocots and dicots Monocot means there is one seed leaf ( Cotyledon) in the seed. Dicot means two seed leaves.

13. Vegetative vs reproductive Annual herbaceous plant Leaves, stems and roots are vegetative but can be used in asexual reproduction Flowers, seeds are sexual reproductive parts

14. Inside a herbaceous stem

15. Inside a woody stem

16. Cell types Parenchyma Schlerenchyma

17. 3 year old woody twig

18. Modified stems- often used in propagation Spur Sucker Stolon crown Rhizome Tuber Bulb Corm

19. Leaf a stem appendage with a bud at it’s base

21. Leaf types

22. Leaf margins

23. Leaf shapes

24. leaf

25. Buds Axillary Terminal Bud scales ( temperate) Chilling requirements Leaf/flower/mixed

26. Roots/ Function Absorb water and nutrients Anchor the plant in the soil Support the stem Food storage propagation First to emerge from the seed Positive geotaxis No nodes No leaves or flowers

27. Root vs Stem Root cross section Stem cross section

28. Roots Tap root ( dicot) Fibrous roots ( monocot) Lateral /secondary root/branch root Generally extend beyond the top

30. Flowers Sexual reproduction Built to attract pollinators People can be considered pollinators Can be perfect (c omplete ) Unisexual Plants can be monoecious or dioecious

31. Basic plant life cycle Dormancy: seeds or buds fail to grow when given good conditions. Vegetative: seedling to Juvenile Reproductive: when plant is large enough to flower Senescence: ripening of seed, and fruit, leaf drop

32. Dormancy Hormonal dormancy – Timed by hormones many temperate plants show this ex. Apple trees Environmental dormancy – Cold or dryness keeps seed from germinating Other types in seed dormancy

33. Vegetative growth

34. The plant has to reach its mature stage before it can start flowering. In tomatoes this happens in 30+ days after transplant to the garden. In Apple trees it can be 5-7 years Reproductive Growth

35. Primary Metabolism Photosynthesis – Sunlight – Chloroplasts in a live plant – Carbon dioxide – Energy is changed from light to chemical energy ( sugars) – Oxygen released – Water is used and produced Respiration – Energy is released from sugars for plant energy – Oxygen is used – Water is used and produced – CO2 is produced – Happens in dark and in light – Occurs in all living cells ( mitochondria)

36. Photosynthesis CO 2 + H 2 0 +sunlight +green plantC 6 H 12 O 6 + O 2 + H 2 O Respiration C 6 H 12 O 6 + O 2 + H 2 O CO 2 + H 2 0 + 36 ATP

38. Transpiration 99 % of the water that enters the plant is used in Transpiration, 1% in metabolism

39. Plant growth Regulators Plant hormones or other chemicals that influence growth of plants. – Auxins -Gibberellins – Cytokinins -Abscisic Acid – Ethylene