1. 1 0101010100100101101010010011011 Science and technology libraries in evolution: adaptation and synergy for survival and success 011010100001010010100010010101 Paul.Nieuwenhuysen@vub.ac.be Vrije Universiteit Brussel Information and Library Science, University of Antwerp Belgium Paper presented at the annual conference of IATUL The International Association of Technological University Libraries in Krakow/Cracow, Poland, June 2004

2. 2 These slides should be available from http://www.vub.ac.be/BIBLIO/nieuwenhuysen/presentations/ (note: BIBLIO, not biblio)

3. 3 contents = summary = structure = overview of this talk Part 1 WHY? Why many challenges for libraries? WHAT? What kind of challenges? WHERE? Where are libraries active? WHEN? When should libraries adapt to change?

4. 4 - contents - summary - structure of this lecture Part 2 HOW? How to develop and run hybrid libraries? WHO? Who can be a good librarian today? FOR WHOM? For whom do libraries function? HOW MUCH? How much does all this cost? CONCLUSION contents = summary = structure = overview of this talk Part 2

5. 5 contents = summary = structure = overview of this talk Of course this is a personal, subjective, “distorted” view on university libraries, based on personal interests and activities.

6. 6 WHY? Why many challenges for the libraries in evolution?

7. 7 Libraries in evolution: from classical to digital? Classical libraries Hybrid libraries! Digital libraries? the librarian acting more as as intermediary PAST NOW FUTURE

8. 8 Libraries in evolution to what? Let us have a look at important functions – key functions – of libraries and let us consider how these evolve.

9. 9 Libraries: evolution of classical key functions? Collection development (hard copy documents) Cataloguing + classification (hard copy documents) User services: reference, user education… Providing a physical, local meeting place Conservation / preservation (hard copy documents)  ? PAST NOW FUTURE

10. 10 Libraries in evolution: effects of more ICT The fast evolution to powerful and affordable applications of information and communication technology (ICT) has several effects on libraries and information centers.

11. 11 Libraries in evolution: effects of more ICT 1. More applications of ICT to manage classical, printed, hard-copy books and journals: ordering of documents; cataloguing of documents; online public access catalogue; administration concerning users; lending; interlending among libraries; financial management; communication by email; WWW sites of libraries...

12. 12 Libraries in evolution: effects of more ICT 2. Providing access not only to hard-copy documents, but also to digital, computer- and network-based information sources.

13. 13 The digital / electronic / virtual library: scheme Structures, practices, and methods of physical libraries and archives Computing power that is decreasing in price Communication capabilities of electronic networking Digital / electronic / virtual library

14. 14 WHAT? What kind of challenges for libraries in evolution?

15. 15 Libraries and information centres: evolution of their roles Collection development (hard copy documents)  1. Applying more ICT in collection development of hard copy documents 2. Acquiring access to digital information + conversion of important local documents to digital format (computer files) and making these accessible through the Internet

16. 16 Libraries in evolution and access to information sources Hard-copy (NOT online) Expensive, fee-based Digital, online Expensive, fee-based Hard-copy (NOT online) Free of charge Digital, online Free of charge If it is not on the Internet, available free of charge, then it does “not exist”.

17. 17 Libraries and information centres: evolution of their roles Organizing access to hard-copy documents: »cataloguing »classification »physical placement »…  1. Applying more ICT to organize access and to manage hard copy documents  2. + Organizing access to digital information, which includes providing access to computers connected to the Internet

18. 18 Challenges of the hybrid environment: hard copy + digital User / Reader Collection development Library or information centre Electronic, digital resources Hard copy

19. 19 Challenges of the hybrid environment: hard copy + digital User / Reader Searching  Electronic, digital resources Hard copy

20. 20 Challenges of the hybrid environment: hard copy + digital Users should be guided in finding their way through the maze, through the labyrinth that is formed by all available information systems and services.

21. 21

22. 22 Challenges of the hybrid environment: hard copy + digital User / Reader Searching + using Hard copy + electronic, digital resources in an integrated, hybrid library

23. 23 Libraries and information centres: evolution of their roles User services: »reference, »user education »…  + Offering services in a computer-network environment: -- website of the library; -- guides to information sources; -- virtual reference services; -- contributing to a high level of information literacy: -- current awareness services --…

24. 24 Integrating access to all types of information Web site created, offered, and maintained by a library or information centre 1 or several catalogues / databases created, offered, and maintained by a library or information centre

25. 25 Libraries and information centres: evolution of their roles Providing a physical, local meeting place  + Presence of the library on the WWW, that is accessible from everywhere at any time!

26. 26 Current awareness services provided by libraries The incoming flow of new available information is huge. The potential user/reader has limited time. So information centres can provide a current awareness service (alerting service): based on the interests of the user, the library sends the user »descriptions of new information sources, such as journal articles (plus an explanation of how to obtain the full version) »OR directly the full version

27. 27 Libraries and information centres: evolution of their roles Conservation / preservation (hard copy documents)  + Conservation of digital documents or ensuring continuous access to digital documents

28. 28 WHERE? Where are libraries active?

29. 29 Libraries and information centres: future trend = becoming invisible Conservation of hard copy documents becomes a smaller task in comparison with other activities in libraries. Services offered by libraries become more virtual, less clearly visible. Is the ideal library invisible? Who wants to pay for an invisible library?

30. 30 Picture of the future library?

31. 31 From local, physical libraries to invisible information centers? From visible, human librarians to more invisible information experts? Who wants to pay for invisible librarians? ?

32. 32 The physical location of the library becomes less important The physical location of documents is an irrelevant concept when the documents are based on computer- networks and the Internet in particular. The physical location of information intermediaries of a library is not important anymore, when reference services and guidance is offered by information intermediaries / experts through the Internet, by using an application like WWW or email.

33. 33 From local libraries to regional information services When physical location is less important, then besides local, physical libraries, an important contribution can be made by more regional, international, virtual, digital, invisible libraries and information services that focus »on a particular information subject, or »on a particular user community Organizing such a service by further cooperation among classical libraries is one possible scenario. However, such services do not have to be associated anymore with more traditional, classical libraries.

34. 34 Local, physical libraries can still be attractive Physical libraries can of course remain attractive when they offer »many classical documents that are not available through the Internet »an interesting, attractive space for contemplation, study, self-development, meetings… Of course the library budget is limited and can be spent only once in a hybrid library: either on the physical library, either on the digital library

35. 35 How to make hybrid libraries attractive “places”? Physical libraries can be made attractive and usable by good architects / designers. Digital libraries can be made attractive and usable by good information architects / web designers. Creating a good interface user  information is crucial.

36. 36 WHEN? When should libraries adapt to change?

37. 37 When should libraries adapt to a more digital world? This is a question that is easy to answer: »Yesterday »Today »Now »Tomorrow »Always »Permanently »Continuously

38. 38 When should libraries adapt in their evolution? “Change is the only constant”

39. 39 HOW? How to develop and run hybrid libraries?

40. 40 Tools and methods for libraries: ILMS Integrated library management system, including »databases related to documents, users, other data »online public access catalogue(s) »integration with related computer programs »integration with Internet »integration with the WWW site of the library

41. 41 Tools and methods for libraries: the Internet and applications Internet + applications of the Internet, such as the WWW and electronic mail

42. 42 Tools and methods for libraries: public access computers Computers for access by the public to Internet-based information resources. Essential is securing these against »theft, »viruses, »hackers, »modifications of the user interface and the programs

43. 43 Tools and methods for libraries: federated searching software Portal software = federated searching software = meta-searching software to integrate access to distributed databases in one search action, as far as possible. This can be a weapon of libraries against “competitors” like Google which offers a very simple user interface.

44. 44 portal Tools and methods for libraries: federated searching software user information sources

45. 45 Tools and methods for libraries: portal software Portal software tries to cope with technical difficulties, such as differences among digital information sources in the applied »Internet application protocols for communication and retrieval (telnet, HTTP, Z39.50, OAI-MHP…) »metadata schemes in the databases to improve retrieval (classifications, thesaurus systems, ontologies…)

46. 46 Tools and methods for libraries: appropriate hyperlink generator OpenURL resolving software = appropriate hyperlink generator to guide users to the most suitable sources that are appropriate for the specific library or specific user, for instance to cope with the multiple-copy problem (such as SFX software from Ex-Libris or V-link software from VUBIS-GEAC)

47. 47 incoming reference target information source appropriate hyperlink generator Tools and methods for libraries: appropriate hyperlink generator database about local situation “knowledgebase” database about local situation “knowledgebase”

48. 48 appropriate target information source appropriate target information source appropriate hyperlink generator database about local situation “knowledgebase” database about local situation “knowledgebase” federated searching user information sources full-text document ! reference Tools and methods for libraries: federated searching + link generator

49. 49 Tools and methods for libraries: current awareness services Software for current awareness services, that includes functions to manage interest profiles of users. Ideally this is well integrated with »the Internet, »e-mail, »the WWW, »the integrated library management system

50. 50 Tools and methods for libraries: more personalisation of access Personalisation software to create in a more or less automatic way a more personal interface to the information services that are offered through the Internet and the WWW. Personalisation may depend on the user’s address, age, expressed interests, previous activities related to the library services.

51. 51 Tools and methods for libraries: studies of information system users A few users of the library web site should be selected from various categories of the user community and the way they work with your web site should be studied. The observation of their behaviour and the comments by those users can be useful and interesting to improve your web site.

52. 52 Tools and methods for libraries: co-operation Any single library cannot well cope with the fast evolution to more digital components. Co-operation among organisations should be considered, such as »public libraries  scientific libraries »libraries  computer centers / web designers »libraries  electronic learning centers

53. 53 Tools and methods for libraries: professional societies Professional organisations that focus on libraries can fulfil some needs: »continuous learning »exchange of ideas »stimulate co-operation

54. 54 WHO? Who can be a good librarian today?

55. 55 Classical character of librarians: “no computers please” The classical, typical character of librarians and information managers: interest and background in human sciences; less interested in computers and technology

56. 56 Skills of today’s librarians: “more computers please” Desirable skills of librarians and information managers include more and more: computer usage skills; information and communication technology skills

57. 57 Classical character of librarians: document-oriented The classical, typical character of librarians and information managers: focused on static documents, cataloguing, conservation; less on relations and communication with users

58. 58 Skills of today’s librarians: people-oriented Desirable skills of librarians and information managers include more and more: communication skills: to communicate with users/clients and with higher management teaching skills: to guide users/clients to today’s information sources and services

59. 59 Classical character of librarians: static The classical, typical character of librarians and information managers: attracted by a static, constant, conservative, “valuable” working environment; less interested in more dynamic, “fashionable” systems with a short life

60. 60 Skills of today’s librarians: dynamic Desirable skills of librarians and information managers include more and more: ability to adapt to continuous change; willingness to work in a dynamic environment and to learn continuously; working methods that are always “under construction” from collecting information “just in case” to offering appropriate information “just in time”

61. 61 Classical character of librarians: passive The classical, typical character of librarians and information managers: focusing on static documents leads to static, passive views and behaviour; collecting information just in case someone may need it

62. 62 Skills of today’s librarians: pro-active and flexible Desirable skills of librarians and information managers include more and more: focusing on users means acting in a pro-active way: anticipating needs and developing appropriate services well in time; acting flexible

63. 63 FOR WHOM? For whom do science and technology libraries function?

64. 64 The clients of hybrid and digital libraries “Last but not least”, as they say: Who are the clients of the evolving science and technology library?

65. 65 The clients of hybrid and digital libraries NOT all potential users »can “see” an “invisible digital library” »have access to the required technology »can use the required technology

66. 66 The clients of hybrid and digital libraries A growing number of clients use their hybrid library from a distance through their digital components. This is certainly the case in universities. Hybrid library

67. 67 International co-operation between rich and poor libraries Relatively rich and advanced libraries can co-operate with poor libraries in developing countries in their evolution to more digital libraries, for instance by »exchange of personnel »organising training programs »making available study materials on library science »making available suitable software at a low price

68. 68 HOW MUCH? How much does all this cost?

69. 69 How much does it cost to evolve towards digital libraries? Clearly ICT applications cost money for »hardware »software »skilled personnel »personnel development »maintenance »user guidance »... However, budgets normally do NOT grow.

70. 70 What is the value of information that can be offered by a library? What is the value of information sources? Which price is reasonable and acceptable for access to information sources? These are simple questions, but the answers are difficult to give. These are classical questions. Debates on these questions by all stakeholders are going on continuously.

71. 71 What is the value of a well structured access to information? Related but different questions are: What is the added value of »a good guide to information? »a well organised and well structured access path to information sources? How do decision makers see this?

72. 72 Hybrid libraries should make their digital components well visible Most decision makers do NOT want to pay for invisible libraries and invisible librarians. Therefore, it is important that hybrid libraries make their digital library components clearly visible and attractive, not only for users, but also for decision makers. Marketing and branding can help here. ?????  ?!?!?  !!!!!

73. 73 Conclusions related to the evolution of libraries It is unlikely that 1 standard view will fall from the sky today or in the future. Many different and interesting approaches can be observed. So this leaves room for constructive discussions to learn from each other, for instance at future IATUL conferences.

74. 74 Conclusions related to the evolution of libraries WHY? The ICT revolution WHAT? 1. More ICT applications 2. More digital information sources WHERE? Libraries also on the WWW WHEN? Yesterday (or at least ASAP) HOW? More tools based on ICT WHO? ICT-minded; adaptive; pro-active FOR WHOM?More invisible distant users HOW MUCH?Not less; we can only dream of more

75. 75 Thank you Any questions or remarks?