1.  starter activity Sort the cards your teacher gives you according to the individuals studied.

2. Why do interpretations of the end of Cold War differ? To review aims & policies of key leaders To develop understanding of different historiographical views Key words: realist & ideational schools of though  Aims

3.  Your task Study Source C on p. 184. Who might the author be referring to when mentioning, ‘other stories of people in different places and different ways’? Study Source C on p. 184. Who might the author be referring to when mentioning, ‘other stories of people in different places and different ways’? Using the information on p.184-8, divide the class into two groups. One group should make a case it was external factors, the second it was internal. Using the information on p.184-8, divide the class into two groups. One group should make a case it was external factors, the second it was internal.

4.  Your task Read p.184-6 and complete the first column in the table your teacher gives you. Note down: Read p.184-6 and complete the first column in the table your teacher gives you. Note down: The meaning of ‘Triumphalist’ The meaning of ‘Triumphalist’ The characteristics of this school of thought The characteristics of this school of thought The critics The critics Gorbachev’s role Gorbachev’s role The Pope’s role The Pope’s role

5. Triumphalists Historians who support the idea that a hard-line approach to diplomacy helped bring an end to Cold War. Historians who support the idea that a hard-line approach to diplomacy helped bring an end to Cold War. Characterised by J.L.Gaddis ‘We Now Know’ (1997) & Peter Schweitzer, ‘Victory’ (1997) Characterised by J.L.Gaddis ‘We Now Know’ (1997) & Peter Schweitzer, ‘Victory’ (1997) The following helped US ‘win’ Cold War: The following helped US ‘win’ Cold War: Reagan’s hard-line approach Reagan’s hard-line approach SDI put economic pressure of Gorbachev SDI put economic pressure of Gorbachev Deployment of nuclear weapons in Europe Deployment of nuclear weapons in Europe Support from European allies, esp. Thatcher Support from European allies, esp. Thatcher

6. Critics Hardline approach to communism failed in past, e.g. Vietnam Hardline approach to communism failed in past, e.g. Vietnam View characterised by George Schultz View characterised by George Schultz Success achievement by engagement with USSR by Reagan & Bush Success achievement by engagement with USSR by Reagan & Bush Schultz, US Sec of State, 1982-9. What is unusual about Schultz’s views?

7. Gorbachev’s role – 2 views Historians divided over role of Gorbachev as cause of end of Cold War Historians divided over role of Gorbachev as cause of end of Cold War Negative perceptions among Russians (largely nationalists): Gorbachev weak and allowed US to pressurise USSR into submission Negative perceptions among Russians (largely nationalists): Gorbachev weak and allowed US to pressurise USSR into submission Positive perceptions (members of Gorbachev administration): highlight impact of New Political Thinking Positive perceptions (members of Gorbachev administration): highlight impact of New Political Thinking

8. Pope’s role Pope John Paul II encouraged anti-government & trade union groups, esp. Solidarity Pope John Paul II encouraged anti-government & trade union groups, esp. Solidarity Catholic biographers have emphasised his role Catholic biographers have emphasised his role However: Catholicism not strong across Eastern Bloc & Pope’s appeal was strongest to Polish nationalists However: Catholicism not strong across Eastern Bloc & Pope’s appeal was strongest to Polish nationalists

9.  Your task Now read p.186 and make a list of internal factors which may have led to the end of Cold War Now read p.186 and make a list of internal factors which may have led to the end of Cold War

10. Internal factors Soviet leaders saw futility of Cold War conflict Soviet leaders saw futility of Cold War conflict Soviet scientists didn’t see SDI as a realistic policy Soviet scientists didn’t see SDI as a realistic policy Soviet need to cut arms spending after Afghanistan Soviet need to cut arms spending after Afghanistan Inherent weaknesses of communist economic principles Inherent weaknesses of communist economic principles Development of people power Development of people power Changes in style of leadership by Gorbachev & government policy – glasnost & perestroika Changes in style of leadership by Gorbachev & government policy – glasnost & perestroika

11.  Your task Read p.187-8 and find out how changing attitudes in the USSR may have resulted in the end of Cold War Read p.187-8 and find out how changing attitudes in the USSR may have resulted in the end of Cold War

12. Changing attitudes Survivors of wartime devastation caused by conflict with West dying out by 1980s Survivors of wartime devastation caused by conflict with West dying out by 1980s Abandonment of rigid communist principles by political elite Abandonment of rigid communist principles by political elite

13.  Extension Read John Lewis Gaddis, ‘The Cold War’, p.259-66 and note down evidence of ‘Triumphalism’ in his account of the end of Cold War. Read John Lewis Gaddis, ‘The Cold War’, p.259-66 and note down evidence of ‘Triumphalism’ in his account of the end of Cold War. Can you find evidence from other authors you’ve studied which support the ‘Ideational’ view Can you find evidence from other authors you’ve studied which support the ‘Ideational’ view

14.  Homework Make sure you have completed all three sections of your table. Write a judgement below as to which view you most prefer. Make sure you have completed all three sections of your table. Write a judgement below as to which view you most prefer.

15. Plenary Plenary Name 4 key players in the end of Cold War and explain what part they played Name 4 key players in the end of Cold War and explain what part they played Give 3 examples of external and internal factors on the end of Cold War Give 3 examples of external and internal factors on the end of Cold War What is the difference between realist and ideational perspectives? Which in your view is the more accurate? What is the difference between realist and ideational perspectives? Which in your view is the more accurate?