1. Systematics The study of biological diversity in an evolutionary context

2. Systematic Tools l Molecular Comparisons –usually (rRNA or mtDNA) u DNA-DNA Hybridization u Restriction maps u DNA Sequence analysis

3. Taxonomy The science concerned with naming and classifying the diverse forms of life

6. Taxonomic Groups Domain Kingdom Phylum (Division) Class Order Family Genus Species

8. Domains (Table 27.2)

10. Binomial Nomenclature Panthera leo (African Lion)

11. Binomial Nomenclature Ardea herodias (Great Blue Heron)

12. Classification and Phylogeny

13. Phylogenetic Groupings l Monophyletic –ancestor and all its descendants

14. Phylogenetic Groupings l Paraphyletic –ancestor with some but not all its descendants

15. Phylogenetic Groupings l Polyphyletic –two different ancestors

16. Phylogenetic Groupings

17. Similarities l Homology –likeness attributed to shared ancestry

18. Similarities l Analogy –likeness due to similar ecological roles and natural selection due to convergent evolution

19. Molecular Homoplasy l Analogous species that have similar DNA sequences that evolved independently in two species

20. Ontogeny Recapitulates Phylogeny (Ernst Haeckel) l Ontogeny – individual development l Recapitulates – repeats l Phylogeny – evolutionary descent

21. The Science of Systematics l Phenetics –based on a number of similarities and differences –does not take into account homology or analogy –all groupings

22. Classical Evolutionary Systematics l George Gaylord Simpson

23. The Science of Phylogenetic Systematics l Classical Evolutionary Systematics –most commonly used up until recently –based on shared homologous structures –takes into account the amount of adaptive evolutionary change (novelties) –Monophyletic and paraphyletic groupings

24. The Science of Systematics l Cladistics (Phylogenetic Systematics) –based on shared homologous structures –only monophyletic groupings Will Hennig

25. The Science of Phylogenetic Systematics l Cladistic Assumptions 1. Monophyletic 2. Descent follows a bifurcating pattern 3. Changes in characteristics occur in lineages over time

26. Cladistics l Shared primitive characters –Outgroupings –Plesiomorphies u Ancestral characteristics l Shared derived characters –Synapomorphies

27. Phylograms

28. Ultrametric Trees

29. Cladistics

35. Pitfalls

36. Reptiles?????

37. Molecular Clock

38. Tree of Life

39. Phylogenetic Fuse