1. Populations

2. Determining a Population size How many fish can live in a pond? How Many deer can live in a forest? What factors can you think of might change this number? ??????? How many fish can live in a pond? How Many deer can live in a forest? What factors can you think of might change this number? ???????

3. Factors affecting Population Growth 1. Births- –number of surviving offspring (natality) 2. Deaths- –number dying from all causes (mortality) 3. Immigration –Number entering an area 4. Emigration –Number leaving an area 1. Births- –number of surviving offspring (natality) 2. Deaths- –number dying from all causes (mortality) 3. Immigration –Number entering an area 4. Emigration –Number leaving an area

4. Population growth Population growth = (births+ immigration) – (deaths + Emigration) Population growth = (births+ immigration) – (deaths + Emigration)

5. Example The turkey population in Durham ontario has seen a massive spike in the number of wild turkey populating the area. Question: The number of new births is estimated at 200 young making the total population close to 2000 birds. If only 50 have been hunted and 50 die from natural causes how many birds can we expect in the next year if no immigration or emigration occurs? Answer: –Births= 200; deaths= 100; no immigration or emigration –Population growth = 200 – 100 = 100 individual –Next year approximately 2100 birds The turkey population in Durham ontario has seen a massive spike in the number of wild turkey populating the area. Question: The number of new births is estimated at 200 young making the total population close to 2000 birds. If only 50 have been hunted and 50 die from natural causes how many birds can we expect in the next year if no immigration or emigration occurs? Answer: –Births= 200; deaths= 100; no immigration or emigration –Population growth = 200 – 100 = 100 individual –Next year approximately 2100 birds

6. Carrying capacity The maximum number of individuals (the largest population of a species) that the environment can support in a given area and this is determined by specific limiting factors http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8FPMP41LYJ 8http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8FPMP41LYJ 8 The maximum number of individuals (the largest population of a species) that the environment can support in a given area and this is determined by specific limiting factors http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8FPMP41LYJ 8http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8FPMP41LYJ 8

7. Limiting Factors Limiting factors (also known as a "constraining" factors) limits the growth or development of an organism, population, or process. Population growth has a limit that is determined by; –Abiotic factors -Climate, water, space (habitat) –Biotic factors – food, competition, predators, parasites, disease (bacteria) Limiting factors (also known as a "constraining" factors) limits the growth or development of an organism, population, or process. Population growth has a limit that is determined by; –Abiotic factors -Climate, water, space (habitat) –Biotic factors – food, competition, predators, parasites, disease (bacteria)

8. Factors affecting carrying capacity Materials: –the amount of food, nutrients, water, shelter. If a population continues to grow it will soon out grow its food supply Death or starvation may occur ********* Food Chains: –Populations are limited by predator, prey sustainability, competition Hunting, Disease, Parasites, Habitat loss, Pollution Materials: –the amount of food, nutrients, water, shelter. If a population continues to grow it will soon out grow its food supply Death or starvation may occur ********* Food Chains: –Populations are limited by predator, prey sustainability, competition Hunting, Disease, Parasites, Habitat loss, Pollution

9. Competition Competition for food, mates, space –Interspecific: individuals from different species compete for resources –Intraspecific: individuals of the same species compete Competition is necessary –decreases over crowding/ old/ weak and therefore the possibility of disease Competition for food, mates, space –Interspecific: individuals from different species compete for resources –Intraspecific: individuals of the same species compete Competition is necessary –decreases over crowding/ old/ weak and therefore the possibility of disease

10. Population Density The number of organisms living in a given space Think about the population density of wolves in Ontario compared to the population density of Canadian geese. –What differences exist between these two animals that account for different densities? –Different Animals need different amounts of space to roam, forage, hunt and find mates and both require different amounts of food to live The number of organisms living in a given space Think about the population density of wolves in Ontario compared to the population density of Canadian geese. –What differences exist between these two animals that account for different densities? –Different Animals need different amounts of space to roam, forage, hunt and find mates and both require different amounts of food to live

11. Factors affecting population density Density dependent: –Factors that increase in significance as a population grows –Depend on the size of the population –ex. Food, space, mates, spread of disease Density Independent: –Factors that do NOT depend on population size –Ex. Forest fires, drought, temperature Density dependent: –Factors that increase in significance as a population grows –Depend on the size of the population –ex. Food, space, mates, spread of disease Density Independent: –Factors that do NOT depend on population size –Ex. Forest fires, drought, temperature

12. Disease Ex. Bubonic plague/black death

13. Limiting factors

14. What factors will affect the whooping crane? ABIOTICBIOTIC PollutionFish available Water pH, or temperatureCompeting cranes Climate changesurbanization virusesBacteria, disease

15. Sampling Populations How might you count all the worms in The Soil?

16. Recap What are 4 factors of population growth What is carrying capacity? What are 9 limiting factors that affect carrying capacity? –Disease –Pollution –Density –Starvation –Habitat/space –Food/ water –Competition –Hunting –Climate What are 4 factors of population growth What is carrying capacity? What are 9 limiting factors that affect carrying capacity? –Disease –Pollution –Density –Starvation –Habitat/space –Food/ water –Competition –Hunting –Climate

17. Activity In groups of 3 brainstorm as many ideas as possible as to how the coyote population has become so large…. How is it being controlled…. –https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=G8oO-GypOLAhttps://www.youtube.com/watch?v=G8oO-GypOLA In groups of 3 brainstorm as many ideas as possible as to how the coyote population has become so large…. How is it being controlled…. –https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=G8oO-GypOLAhttps://www.youtube.com/watch?v=G8oO-GypOLA Population IncreasePopulation Control

18. IncreasesControl BirthGuard animals=emigration Large food supplyKeeping food barricaded Quality of mothers milkguns Large habitattraps Few predatorsChemical compounds Less competitionPredation Sterilization Trapping relocating