1. Integrating Digestion Knowledge on Formulating diets for Dairy Cows: INRA (1989) and NRC (2001) Feeding System Muhammad Naveed ul Haque, PhD Assistant Professor Department of Animal Nutrition UVAS Challenges and Suggestions to implement in Pakistan

2. Objective of presentation Not formulating diets that can maximize the production of milk Formulating the diets that can efficiently produce good amount of milk and its components

3. 1. To understand how our dairy animal use the ration for synthesizing milk and its components 2. How the feed formulation systems (French or US) use this information to asses the quality of diets (the key principles of diet formulation) or some one said “the fine tuning” 3. Some key issues that must be considered before using the chosen system 4. An on field protocol for evaluating your formula Objective of presentation

4. CP in milk 23% CP intake 3 kg/d faeces 39% Milk yield = 20 kg/d 1- Protein Utilisation in Dairy Cows urine 34% Other losses 4% Maxin et al., 2007

5. CP in milk 23% CP intake 3 kg/d faeces 39% Milk yield = 20 kg/d 1- Feed Formulator’s Objective urine 34% Other losses 4% Maxin et al., 2007

6. Rumen Intestine Muscle 1-Microbial 2-Undegraded 1-Protein Digestion in Dairy Cows Milk protein Crude protein intake N intake × 6.25 N in faeces Mammary gland

7. 1- Rumen Degradable Protein Fermentable Energy Microbial Protein

8. 1- Rumen Degradable Protein Fermentable Energy Microbial Protein

9. 1- Rumen Degradable Protein Fermentable Energy Microbial Protein synthesis Limited by protein

10. Rumen Intestine AA Muscle AA Microbial Undegraded N Loss 1- Amino Acid Digestion & Mammary Metabolism Milk protein Urine N in faeces Crude protein intake

11. 1- Amino Acid Profile in the small intestine Milk protein yield, g/d 750 800 850 900 950 Met Lys EAA Other EAA Ideal AA Profile MethionineLysine

12. Conclusion 1 1. Cow requires intestinally digestible protein not crude protein. 2. Balanced Protein and Energy required by microbes 3. Essential Amino Acid are important.

13. Rumen Intestine Muscle PDI 1-Microbial 2-Undegraded 1-Protein Digestion in Dairy Cows: INRA (2010) Milk protein Protein truly digestible in the small intestine PDI = PDIE or PDIN Crude protein intake N intake × 6.25 × N in faeces Mammary gland

14. Protein (CP)Energy undegraded degradedfermented PDIA PDIM(N)PDIM(E) PDIN PDIE RumenRumen Undegraded dietary protein Microbial protein Endogenous protein 2-Feed protein evaluation in PDI System INRA (50-70%) INTESTINEINTESTINE =

15. CP = 7.7%Energy undegraded degradedfermented PDIA 1.4% PDIMN 3.3%PDIME 5.5% PDIN 4.7% PDIE 6.9% RumenRumen Undegraded dietary protein Microbial protein Endogenous protein 2- Example Corn Silage (50-70%) INTESTINEINTESTINE PDI value This means we should combine the corn silage with a feedstuff which is higher In PDIN compared to PDIE Why? Because if we need an efficient mircobial protein synthesis We need Nitrogen and Energy supply balanced

16. CP = 18%Energy undegraded degradedfermented PDIA 4.6% PDIMN 6.9%PDIME 4.3% PDIN 11.6% PDIE 8.9% RumenRumen Undegraded dietary protein Microbial protein Endogenous protein 2- Some thing like Alfa-Alfa Hay (50-70%) INTESTINEINTESTINE

17. Rumen Intestine Muscle MP 1-Microbial 2-Undegraded 2- Protein Digestion in Dairy Cows: NRC (2001) Milk protein Metabolizable Protein 1g of MP = 1g of AA Crude protein intake N intake × 6.25 × N in faeces Mammary gland

18. Protein (CP) undegraded degraded RUP MCP/BCP MP RumenRumen Undegraded dietary protein Microbial protein Endogenous protein 2- Feed protein evaluation in NRC, 2001 (50-60%) INTESTINEINTESTINE Energy

19. 2-Evolution of PDI System 1978 Protein Digestible in the Intestine (PDI) INRA PDIM Microbial Protein Degradable in Rumen PDIA Dietary Protein Ruminally undegradable PDIMN=PDIME N available in the rumen Energy In the rumen + PDIE(=PDIME+PDIA) = PDIN (=PDIMN+PDIA)

20. 2- Evolution of PDI System 1978 Protein Digestible in the Intestine (PDI) INRA 1998 Vérité et Delaby: Protein & Energy Concept

21. 2- Protein and Energy Relationship PDI/NEL, g/Mcal Milk protein yield, g/d 700 750 800 850 900 950 1000 50535659626571

22. 2- Protein and Energy Relationship PDI/NEL, g/Mcal Milk protein yield, g/dTotal N output / N in Milk 700 750 800 850 900 950 1000 50535659626571 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 2.6

23. 2-Evolution of PDI System 1993-2001 Rulquin et al. AADI System Amino-acids digestible in the SI Requirements of Aminoacids expressed in term of Percentage of PDIE e.g. LysDI= 7.3% of PDIE 1978 Protein Digestible in the Intestine (PDI) INRA 1998 Vérité & Delaby: Protein & Energy Concept

24. 2- Evolution of PDI System 2007 Rulquin et al. 1993-2001 Rulquin et al. AADI System: LysDi & MetDi 1978 PDI (INRA) 1998 Vérité et Delaby Protien/ Energy Ideal Profile in AADI for EAA AAs% of PDIE Lys7.30 Met2.50 Leu8.90 His3.03 Ileu Phe4.60 Thr4.02 Val Trp Arg

25. 2- Evolution of PDI System 2012, Haque et al. 1993-2001 Rulquin et al. AADI System: LysDi & MetDi 1978 PDI (INRA) 1998 Vérité et Delaby Protien/ Energy Ideal Profile in AADI for EAA AAs% of PDIE Lys7.30 Met2.50 Leu8.90 His3.03 Ileu4.45 Phe4.60 Thr4.02 Val5.33 Trp? Arg3.14

26. Conclusion Part 2 The feed formulation systems can help you  Balance Protein requirements  Balance Protein to Energy ratio in rumen and cow  Balance the profile of EAA Key Principal Feed the rumen and Feed the cow

27. Practical

28. Protein Requirements in INRA feeding system Protein Requirement for lactating Dairy Cow  Maintenance  Production  Pregnancy  Growth (primiparous)

29. Protein Requirements in INRA feeding system Protein Requirement for lactating Dairy Cow  Maintenance = (3.25 × BW 0.75 )  Production = (milk yield × protein content)/0.64)  Pregnancy = (0.07 × conceptus BW × e 0.111 × gestation wk )  Growth (Heifer) = (422 - (10.4 × age)

30. Protein Requirements = Practical Calculations Assume a Holstein dairy cow with Body weight = 600 kg Milk Yield = 25 kg/d Protein contents = 3.5% Gestation week = 27th or 190 days Conceptus wt = 20 kg DMI = 20 kg/d

31. Protein Requirements = Calculated Requirements Protein Requirement for lactating Dairy Cow  Maintenance = (3.25 × 600 0.75 ) = 424 g/d  Production = (25 × 3.5%)/0.64/1000) = 1367 g/d  Pregnancy = (0.07 × 20 × e 0.111 × 27 ) = 29 g/d Total PDI Requirement = 1820 g/d Equates with 14% CP

32. Protein Supply from diet Need to balance 3 things  Protein Requirement  Protein to energy ratio  Essential Amino Acid Supply

33. You have 3-4 things to mix 1. Corn Silage (basal diet) 2. Soybean meal (concentrate) protein source 3. Energy rich Concentrate 4. Urea (a source of degradable protein)

34. Based on CP need % of DMDiet 1Diet 2Diet 3 Corn Silage65% Soybean meal5%10%5% Concentrate30%25%29% Urea0% 1% CP%13%13.5%14% NEL, Mcal1.6

35. FeedCPPDIEPDIN CS777047 SBM504261371 Conc.13911095 Balancing Diet

36. FeedCPPDIEPDIN CS777047 SBM504261371 Conc.13911095 In %CompFeedCPPDIEPDIN 65%13CS1001909615 5%1SBM504261371 30%6Conc.834660569 100%20233918311555 %DM13%9.27.8 Balancing Diet: 1 PDI values PDI req 1820 g

37. FeedCPPDIEPDIN CS777047 SBM504261371 Conc.13911095 In %CompFeedCPPDIEPDIN 65%13CS1001909615 10%2.0SBM988512727 25%5.0Conc.701555478 100%20.0268919761820 %DM13.59.99.1 Balancing Diet: 2 PDIE>PDIN

38. FeedCPPDIEPDIN CS777047 SBM504261371 Conc.13911095 Urea28751472 In %CompFeedCPPDIEPDIN 65%13CS1001909615 5%1.1SBM532276391 29%5.8Conc.801635547 1%0.2Urea5200266 100%20.028541820 %DM149.1 Balancing Diet: 3

39. PDI /Energy Relationship The Net energy supply  1.6 Mcal/kg of DM = 32 Mcal/d The Net Energy Required  1.6 Mcal/kg of DM = 32 Mcal/d PDI-to-NEL ratio required = 1820g/32Mcal = 57.0 g/Mcal

40. Diet 1Diet 2Diet 3 PDI, g/d155518201930 NEL, Mcal/d32 PDI/NEL495760 PDI /Energy Supply Ideal Diet

41. The Next Step….. Amino Acid Requirements and Supplies in Dairy Cows Treatment 1 P-value 2 ItemLPAA-LPAA+HPAA-HPAA+SEMPDIAAPDI × AA DMI, kg/d20.9 23.221.00.480.07<0.01 Milk yield, kg/d38.140.141.338.61.430.650.62<0.01 Protein yield, g/d116212211265121539.80.370.830.01 content, %30.730.530.931.70.460.300.220.07 Haque et al. (2012)

42. 3- Issues While Formulating the diets Feed Values Large variation in our local feed stuff Basal diets are numerous (issue in balancing PDIN vs. PDIE) Energy contents are low in diets. Improper use of nitrogen

43. 3- Issues While Formulating the diets Animal Requirements Which system should be used INRA or NRC Problems in equation coefficient PDI = 1820 g/d and MP = 1700 g/d Cows model for Buffalo need more careful adjustments of equations The demand of protein and energy/ unit increase in temp?

44. Industrial formulations Commercial Farms Data on Production and performance? Balance TMR Data processing & comparisons of various farms? Generating improved formulas 4- On Field Evaluations Model

45. Thank you very much for your attention