0. Based on electronic commerce by Turban- Ch 6
E-Supply Chains, Collaborative Commerce, And Corporate Portals Chapter 3
Based on electronic commerce by Turban- Ch 6

1. Management of E-commerce
Learning Objectives
Define the e-supply chain and describe its characteristics and components.
List supply chain problems and their causes.
List solutions provided by e-commerce (EC) for supply chain problems.
Describe RFID supply chain applications.
Management of E-commerce

2. Management of E-commerce
Learning Objectives
Describe collaborative planning and collaboration, planning, forecasting, and replenishing (CPFR) and list the benefits of each.
Discuss integration along the supply chain.
Understand corporate portals and their types and roles.
Describe e-collaboration tools such as workflow software and groupware.
Describe Collaboration 2.0 technology and tools.
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3. Management of E-commerce
E-Supply Chains
Supply chain
The flow of materials, information, money, and services from raw material suppliers through factories and warehouses to the end customers
E-supply chain
A supply chain that is managed electronically, usually with Web technologies
Management of E-commerce

4. E-Supply Chains: Components
SUPPLY CHAIN PARTS
Upstream supply chain
Internal supply chain and value chain
Do Suppliers downstream supply chain
Internal
The processes that occur before manufacturing or conversion into a deliverable product or service, usually dedicated to getting raw materials from suppliers.
The processes in a supply chain that occur after manufacturing or conversion that are dedicated to getting goods and services to customers and consumers. These processes usually involve warehousing and distribution, with subsequent transportation to retail outlets.
upstream
downstream
Suppliers
Manufacturer
Costumers
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5. Management of E-commerce
Upstream supply chain
The processes that occur before manufacturing or conversion into a deliverable product or service.
Procurement
The process made up of a range of activities by which an organization obtains or gains access to the resources they require to undertake their core business activities.
the resources (materials, skills, capabilities, facilities)
The processes that occur before manufacturing or conversion into a deliverable product or service, usually dedicated to getting raw materials from suppliers.
Tier One Suppliers: Automotive parts manufacturers that supply final equipment directly to automakers (OEMs or original equipment manufacturers). Increasingly, tier one suppliers are becoming "systems integrators" or producers of major subassemblies and modular components that can be installed into a vehicle as a unit, such as a complete chassis.  Tier Two Suppliers: Manufacturers that produce components for Tier One suppliers.  Tier Three Suppliers: Manufacturers that supply raw materials used in the production of components. 
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7. Management of E-commerce
Internal supply chain
PURCHASE SUPPLY CHAIN
Purchase Order
Receiving
Quality Assurance Inspection
Inventory  
Manufacturing 
Invoicing (Accounts Payable)
SALES SUPPLY CHAIN
Sales Order
Picking
Packing
Invoicing (Accounts Receivable)
Sales Commissions
Returns Processing
ERP (Enterprise Resource Planning)
Management of E-commerce

8. Downstream supply chain
The processes in a supply chain that occur after manufacturing or conversion that are dedicated to getting goods and services to customers and consumers.
Warehousing
Logistics
Distribution
Business customers
End users
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9. Management of E-commerce
third-party logistics provider (abbreviated 3PL, or sometimes TPL) is a firm that provides a one stop shop service to its customers of outsourced (or "third party") logistics services for part, or all of their supply chain management functions.
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11. Management of E-commerce
E-Supply Chains
Supply chain management (SCM)
A complex process that requires the coordination of many activities so that the shipment of goods and services from supplier right through to customer is done efficiently and effectively for all parties concerned.
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13. Management of E-commerce
E-Supply Chains
SCM aims to:
Minimize inventory levels.
Optimize production and increase throughput.
Decrease manufacturing time.
Optimize logistics and distribution, streamline order fulfillment.
Reduce the costs associated with these activities
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14. Management of E-commerce
E-Supply Chains:
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15. Management of E-commerce
E-Supply Chains
e-SCM (e-supply chain management )
The collaborative use of technology to improve the operations of supply chain activities as well as the management of supply chains.
Along the supply chain we need :
Information visibility
The process of sharing critical data required to manage the flow of products, services, and information in real time between suppliers and customers
Visibility and tracking are important so that there will not be any surprises related to order quantity or delivery terms. Various systems and databases track production and distribution so that any needed adjustments can be made
Such a platform supports the procurement regime that is underpinned by the following fundamental principles:[4]
Transparency;
Fair and Open Competition; and
Value for Money
GeBIZ enables greater transparency as all procurement operations, beginning with the announcement of a tender to the awarding of the contract, are published online.[1] As such, local citizens and entrepreneurs benefit from the Singapore government's one-stop e-procurement portal since it helps level the competition to allow small and medium businesses to compete with established vendors whenever an agency issues an invitation to quote.[5]
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16. Management of E-commerce
e-SCM Infrastructure
Electronic Data Interchange (EDI)
Extranets
Intranets
Corporate portals
Workflow systems and tools
Groupware and other collaborative tools
It is used to transfer electronic documents or business data from one computer system to another computer system,
A method of transmitting freight bills, payment information and invoicing between computers.
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17. Management of E-commerce
Activities of e-SCM
E-procurement
E-Logistics
Supply Chain Replenishment
Supply Chain Monitoring and Control Using RFID
Inventory Management Using Wireless Devices
Collaborative Design and Product Development
We will talk about some of the above
In case of Wal-Mart, the inventory at stores is monitored by suppliers in vendor managed inventory systems to plan replenishment. 
Management of E-commerce

18. E-Supply Chains: 1-E-procurement
The use of Web-based technology to support the key procurement processes, including:
requisitioning,
sourcing,
contracting,
ordering, and
payment.
E-procurement supports the purchase of both direct and indirect materials and employs several Web-based functions such as online catalogs, contracts, purchase orders, and shipping notices
Consumable stores, oil and waste, printing and stationery material etc.
GeBIZ is a Government-to-business (G2B) Public eProcurement business centre where suppliers can conduct electronic commerce with the Singapore Government. All of the public sector's invitations for quotations and tenders (except for security-sensitive contracts) are posted on GeBIZ. Suppliers can search for government procurementopportunities, retrieve relevant procurement documentations and submit their bids online.
Management of E-commerce

19. 2- RFID as a Key Enabler in Supply Chain Management
RFID (Radio Frequency identification )
Tags that can be attached to or embedded in objects, animals, or humans
Uses radio waves to communicate with a reader for the purpose of uniquely identifying the object or transmitting data and/or storing information about the object
RFID tags can be attached to products to more carefully monitor their location for inventory purposes.
Suppliers attach RFID tags so retailers can track shipment and receiving.
Active tags include an internal power supply while passive tags do not.
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21. Management of E-commerce
CPFR : Collaborative planning, forecasting, and replenishment
VMI: Vendor Managed Inventory
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22. Consumer Packaged Goods

23. RFID as a Key Enabler in Supply Chain Management
LIMITATIONS AND CONCERNS OF RFID
Cost
Interference and accuracy
Limited range in passive RFID
Environment restrictions on usage
Privacy
RUBEE: AN ALTERNATIVE TO RFID?
RuBee
Bidirectional, on-demand, peer-to-peer radiating transceiver protocol under development by the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers
Management of E-commerce

24. Supply Chain Problems and Solutions
TYPICAL PROBLEMS ALONG THE SUPPLY CHAIN
Missed deliveries
Improper inventories and quality problems
Bullwhip effect
The bullwhip effect is when large fluctuations in inventories along the supply chain occur, resulting from small fluctuations in demand for finished products OR
ERRATIC shifts in order up and down supply chains
Solution :
Need for information sharing along the supply chain
In addition to greater safety stocks, the described effect can lead to either inefficient production or excessive inventory, as each producer needs to fulfill the demand of its predecessor in the supply chain. This also leads to a low utilization of the distribution channel.
Management of E-commerce

25. Supply Chain Problems and Solutions
EC SOLUTIONS ALONG THE SUPPLY CHAIN
Visibility
The knowledge about where materials and parts are at any given time, which helps in solving problems such as delay, combining shipments, and more
Therefore it is necessary to extend the visibility of customer demand as far as possible.
This model has been successfully implemented in Wal-Mart's distribution system. Individual Wal-Mart stores transmit point-of-sale (POS) data from the cash register back to corporate headquarters several times a day. This demand information is used to queue shipments from the Wal-Mart distribution center to the store and from the supplier to the Wal-Mart distribution center. The result is near-perfect visibility of customer demand and inventory movement throughout the supply chain. Better information leads to better inventory positioning and lower costs throughout the supply chain.
Management of E-commerce

26. Collaborative Commerce
c-commerce (Collaborative commerce )
The use of digital technologies that enable companies to collaboratively plan, design, develop, manage, and research products, services, and innovative EC applications
c-hub (Collaboration hub )
The central point of control for an e-market. A single c-hub, representing one e-market owner, can host multiple collaboration spaces (c-spaces) in which trading partners use c-enablers to exchange data with the c-hub
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29. Management of E-commerce

30. Collaborative Commerce
VMI (vendor-managed inventory )
The practice of retailers’ making suppliers responsible for determining when to order and how much to order
Retailer–Supplier Collaboration: Target Corporation
Lower Transportation and Inventory Costs and Reduced Stock-Outs: Unilever
Reduction of Design Cycle Time: Clarion Malaysia
Reduction of Product Development Time: Caterpillar, Inc.
Oil companies often use technology to manage the gasoline inventories at the service stations that they supply (see Petrolsoft Corporation). Home Depot uses the technique with larger suppliers of manufactured goods. VMI helps foster a closer understanding between the supplier and manufacturer by using Electronic Data Interchange formats, EDI software and statistical methodologies to forecast and maintain correct inventory in the supply chain.
Caterpillar is the world's leading manufacturer of construction and mining equipment, diesel and natural gas engines, industrial gas turbines and diesel-electric locomotives
Management of E-commerce

31. Collaborative Commerce
BARRIERS TO C-COMMERCE
A lack of internal integration, standards, and networks
Security and privacy concerns, and distrust over who has access to and control of information stored in a partner’s database
Internal resistance to information sharing and to new approaches
A lack of internal skills to conduct c-commerce
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32. Management of E-commerce

33. Collaborative Planning: CPFR, APS, and PLM
A business practice that combines the business knowledge and forecasts of multiple players along a supply chain to improve the planning and fulfillment of customer demand
Collaborative planning, forecasting, and replenishment (CPFR)
Project in which suppliers and retailers collaborate in their planning and demand forecasting to optimize flow of materials along the supply chain
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35. Collaborative Planning, CPFR, APS, and PLM
APS systems
(Advanced planning and scheduling )
Programs that use algorithms to identify optimal solutions to complex planning problems that are bound by constraints
PLM
(Product lifecycle management )
Business strategy that enables manufacturers to control and share product related data as part of product design and development efforts.
SUPPORTING JOINT DESIGN
products that require a large number of components or manufacturing tasks.
The inspiration for the burgeoning business process now known as PLM came from American Motors Corporation (AMC).[3] The automaker was looking for a way to speed up its product development process to compete better against its larger competitors in 1985, according to François Castaing, Vice President for Product Engineering and Development.[4] After introducing its compact Jeep Cherokee (XJ), the vehicle that launched the modern sport utility vehicle (SUV) market, AMC began development of a new model, that later came out as the Jeep Grand Cherokee. The first part in its quest for faster product development was computer-aided design (CAD) software system that make engineers more productive.[4] The second part in this effort was the new communication system that allowed conflicts to be resolved faster, as well as reducing costly engineering changes because all drawings and documents were in a central database.[4] The product data management was so effective that after AMC was purchased by Chrysler, the system was expanded throughout the enterprise connecting everyone involved in designing and building products.[4] While an early adopter of PLM technology, Chrysler was able to become the auto industry's lowest-cost producer, recording development costs that were half of the industry average by the mid-1990s.[4]
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37. Supply Chain Integration
HOW INFORMATION SYSTEMS ARE INTEGRATED
Internal integration
Integration with business partners
INTEGRATION ALONG THE EXTENDED SUPPLY CHAIN
Information integration along the extended supply chain—all the way from raw material to the customer’s door
Web Services
An architecture enabling assembly of distributed applications from software services and tying them together
Internal integration includes connecting applications with databases and with each other and connecting customer-facing applications (front end) with order fulfillment and the functional information systems (back end)
Integration with business partners connects an organization’s systems with those of its external business partners.
Integration with business partners connects an organization’s systems with those of its external business partners
In a manufacturing enterprise, sales data from the sales management system is used by forecasting software to predict future demand. This forecasted demand is used by its manufacturing resource planning software to calculate materials and resource requirements. The resource requirements need to be conveyed to the suppliers' order management system and the enterprise's inventory management system. All this information should be accessible through a spreadsheet on the manager's desktop. This is just a snapshot of the interactions that take place between software applications in an enterprise today. The exchange of data between these heterogeneous applications built for different platforms by different vendors gets cumbersome as data formats and applications themselves may be incompatible. Web services play an important role in integrating these heterogeneous applications by mapping their input and output data into associated web services that are platform-independent. The resulting standardized interfaces can be accessed by all other applications making the task of integration simple.
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38. Corporate (Enterprise) Portals
A gateway for entering a corporate Web site, enabling communication, collaboration, and access to company information
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40. Corporate (Enterprise) Portals
TYPES OF GENERIC CORPORATE PORTALS
Portals for Suppliers and Other Partners
Customer Portals
Employee Portals
Executive and Supervisor Portals
mobile portals
Portals accessible via mobile devices, especially cell phones and PDAs
Management of E-commerce

41. Corporate (Enterprise) Portals
The Functionalities of Portals
information portals
Portals that store data and enable users to navigate and query the data
collaborative portals
Portals that allow collaboration
CORPORATE PORTAL APPLICATIONS AND ISSUES
Developing Portals
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43. Collaboration-Enabling Environments And Tools
Workflow
Groupware
Virtual meetings
Collaboration 2.0
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44. Collaboration-Enabling Environments And Tools: Workflow
The movement of information as it flows through the sequence of steps that make up an organization’s work procedures
Workflow systems
Business process automation tools that place system controls in the hands of user departments to automate information processing tasks
Workflow management
The automation of workflows, so that documents, information, and tasks are passed from one participant to the next in the steps of an organization’s business process
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45. Collaboration-Enabling Environments And Tools: Groupware
Software products that support groups of people who share common tasks or goals and collaborate on their accomplishment
Synchronous Versus Asynchronous Communication
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46. Collaboration-Enabling Environments And Tools: Virtual Meetings
Online meetings whose members are in different locations, even in different countries
Virtual team
A group of employees using information and communications technologies to collaborate from different work bases
Mass Collaboration
Group decision support system (GDSS)
An interactive computer-based system that facilitates the solution of semistructured and unstructured problems by a group of decision makers
Management of E-commerce

47. Collaboration-Enabling Environments And Tools: Virtual Meeting Tools
REAL-TIME COLLABORATION TOOLS :
Sharing
Electronic Conference
Unified Communications
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48. Collaboration-Enabling Environments And Tools: Virtual Meeting Tools
Screen-sharing software
Software that enables group members, even in different locations, to work on the same document, which is shown on the PC screen of each participant
Sharing Documents and Workspaces
Remote log-in : Windows 2000 have a built-in solution for remote access as well in the form of Remote Desktop Protocol 
Real-time collaboration
Management of E-commerce

49. Collaboration-Enabling Environments And Tools: Virtual Meeting Tools
Electronic Conference
Teleconferencing
The use of electronic communication that allows two or more people at different locations to have a simultaneous conference
Video teleconference
Virtual meeting in which participants in one location can see participants at other locations on a large screen or a desktop computer
Management of E-commerce

50. Collaboration-Enabling Environments And Tools: Virtual Meeting Tools
Data conferencing
aka Whiteboarding . Virtual meeting in which geographically dispersed groups work on documents together and exchange computer files during videoconferences.
Web Conferencing
Web conferencing can take many forms, including both audio and video, often accompanied by collaborative technologies and data sharing.
Webiner, virtual conference room, unique session code for each webiner, invite by mailing the code,
>>Give the session code or the invitation link to participants you wish to invite to the meeting or webinar. The meeting attendees will enter the session code online or follow the invitation link in the to join your virtual conference room.
A web conference can be run either by downloading and installing software or by going direct to a hosted web portal.
Management of E-commerce

51. Collaboration-Enabling Environments And Tools: Virtual Meeting Tools
Unified communications (UC)
Simplification of all forms of communication in the enterprise
Web Collaboration
Web Suites
nified communications (UC) is the integration of real-time communication services such as instant messaging (chat), presence information, telephony (including IP telephony), video conferencing, data sharing (including web connected electronic whiteboards interactive whiteboards), call control and speech recognition with non-real-time communication services such as unified messaging (integrated voic , , SMS and fax).
 Web Suites: IBM Lotus Sametime 7.5,  Office Communications Server,
a set of usually related programs sold together in a single package. Sometimes called "bundled software," 
Management of E-commerce

52. Collaboration-Enabling Environments And Tools: Collaboration 2.0
The technology and tools used for collaboration in the Web 2.0 world and in Enterprise 2.0 that are in sync with social networking and user-generated content
Web 2.0 :
A term that refers to a supposed second generation of Internet-based services. These usually include tools that let people collaborate and share information online, such as social networking sites, wikis, communication tools, and folksonomies.
Enterprise 2.0 :
This refers to the process of taking Web 2.0 tools and ideas and introducing them to the workplace, such as creating a business wiki in order to hold online meetings or using an internal blog as opposed to sending out memos.
The wiki is a tried-and-true collaborative system that is just as good for small tasks, like keeping up with a staff directory or a dictionary of industry jargon, as it is with large tasks, like charting the development process of large products or holding online meetings.
 Micro-blogging can be used to let teammates know what you are working on and to quickly communicate and organize a group.
Management of E-commerce

53. Collaboration-Enabling Environments And Tools: Collaboration 2.0
Collaborative workspace
An interconnected environment in which all the participants in dispersed locations can access and interact with each other just as inside a single entity
Instant messaging
Technologies that create the possibility of realtime text-based communication between two or more participants over the Internet/intranet
Presence information
Status indicator that conveys ability and willingness of a potential communication partner
Y! messenger, IMO, e buddy, nimbuzz
Management of E-commerce

54. Collaboration-Enabling Environments And Tools: Collaboration 2.0
Mobile Collaboration in the Web 2.0 Environment
Mobile social networking service
Mobile Unified Communication
Mobile instant messaging
Messaging service that transposes the desktop messaging experience to the usage scenario of being on the move
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55. Collaboration-Enabling Environments And Tools: Collaboration 2.0
VoIP
Voice-over-Internet Protocol
Communication systems that transmit voice calls over Internet Protocol–based networks
Blogs, Wikis, Virtual Worlds, Forums, and Other Tools
Wikis are generally used when users or group members are invited to develop, contribute, and update the content of the wiki.
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Managerial Issues
How difficult is it to introduce
e-collaboration?
How much can be shared with business partners?
Who benefits from vendor-managed inventory?
What are the costs and benefits of RFID?
Who is in charge of our portal and intranet content?
Who will design the corporate portal?
Should we conduct virtual meetings?
Management of E-commerce