1. PRINCIPLES OF MEDICAL SCIENCE The Nervous System

2. What the nervous system? Complex Highly organized Coordinates activities of the body

3. Structure of Nervous System Neuron (nerve cell)  Body  dendrites  Axon  Myelin sheath

4. How they connect Synapses  Space between neurons  Impuslses come from one _____ jump the synapses to get to the _______ of another neuron Neurotransmitters  Special chemicals  At end of each _____  Allow nerve impuslses to pass from one ______ to the next

5. Nerves Combination of lots of nerve fibers located outside the brain and spine Three kinds  Afferent (sensory): message from _____ to _____  Efferent (motor): message from _____ to ______  Associative: nerves that carry both ____ and ____

6. Central Peripheral Brain and spinal cord The nerves Divides into autonomic system  Involuntary body functions Divisions to Nervous System

7. Brain Cerebrum Cerebellum Pons Medulla Thalamus Hypothalamus midbrain cerebru m

9. Brain & Spine Spinal cord connects with medulla oblongata Meninges- three (3) membranes that protect and cover the brain  Dura matter- outer layer  Arachnoid-middle layer  Pia-inner layer Ventricles CSF

10. Peripheral-Somatic Nervous System Cranial and spinal nerves Cranial nerves: senses  What are examples? Cranial nerves: sensations  What are examples? Spinal nerves  Carry messages to and from spinal cord - MIXED

11. Sympathetic Parasympathetic In emergency:  Body acts by increasing heart rate respiration, & blood pressure; slows digestive After emergency:  Counteracts the actions by slowing heart rate, decreasing respiration, lowering blood pressure, and increasing activity in digestive tract Peripheral-Autonomic Nerves System WORK TOGETHER Maintain homeostasis Control involuntary body functions

12. Diseases & Abnormal Conditions Cerebral palsy  What? Symptoms? Cerebrovascular accident (CVA) … aka: ______  What? Symptoms?  Need treatment within 3 hours  Treatment: thrombolytic drugs usually, when do you not use this? Encephalitis  What?Symptoms? Epilepsy  What? Symptoms? Hydrocephalus  What?Symptoms?

13. Diseases & Abnormal Conditions Meningitis  What?Symptoms? Multiple sclerosis  What?Symptoms? Neuralgia  What?Symptoms? Paralysis  What?Symptoms? Parkinson’s disease  What?Symptoms? Shingles  What?Symptoms

14. Special Senses

15. What are your special senses? Sight Hearing Taste Smell Balance maintenance

16. Sight & the Eye Organ Based off light rays  transmits impulses to optic nerve  interpreted as vision What keeps dirt out of eye? Lacrimal glands Conjunctiva

17. Parts of the eye

18. Disease or Abnormal Condition of Eye Amblyopia- poor vision in one eye, dominance of other eye Astigmatism- abnormal shape of cornea, what does it do? Cataract- leans turns cloudy Conjunctivitis – HIGHLY CONTAGIOUS Glaucoma – increased pressure, excess aqueous humor, leading cause of __________. Hyperopia Myopia

20. Hearing & the Ear Organ Impulses  auditory nerve  brain to interpret Auricle Auditory canal Tympanic membrane

23. Diseases & Abnormal Conditions of the Ear Hearing loss  Conductive – deafness happens when __________  Sensory – deafness from _______ Meniere’s disease  Vertigo, tinnitus, nausea, vomiting, loss of balance Otitis externa  Caused by pathogenic organism Otitis media  Can cause sore throat. Why/how do you think this happens?  Sometimes people have tubes put in the ear. How does this help? Otosclerosis  What does Oto mean? What does sclerosis mean?  Gradual hearing loss, tinnitus, surgical removal of the stapes and insertion of artificial stapes

25. Taste & the Tongue MUSCLE Has projections called papillae Stimulated by flavors of food moistened by saliva Influenced by sense of smell

26. Smell & the Nose Olfactory receptors Impulses  olfactory nerve  brain More sensitive than _____

27. Skin and General Senses Pressure Heat Cold Touch Pain Receptor perceives ______ type of sense Are they different receptors or the same What is the use of these receptors?

28. Neuronmeningitis parasympathtic Medulla oblongataparaplegia quadriplegiacentralshinglessympatheticcerebellum cerebrumtemporalmeningesOccipitalhydrocephalus Cerebrospinal fluid Spinal cord Multiple sclerosis Cerebrovascular accident autonomic

29. lenshyperopiaastigmatismmyopiasclera astigmatismAuditory canal Lacrimal glandEustachian tube Vitreous humor retinapupilossiclesamblyopiaconjunctivitis glaucomastapescataractauricleiris

30. sweet Auditory nerve otosclerosis Tympanic membrane Sensory hearing myringotomycochleaOrganmusclesour papillaeolfactorytaste Semicircular canals bitter Conductive hearing Olfactory nerve smelllacrimalOtitis media