1. B. Describe how soil is formed, and define terms of formation; Begins when Parent Material or Rock is weathered Weathering: process when the climate breaks rock into small pieces (4 Factors) a. Freeze and Thaw b. Rainfall c. Wind d. Water River and Glacial Sediments (soil particles) a. Alluvial Soil: soil deposits left by rivers and oceans b. Glacial Soil: soil created, moved, and deposited by glaciers

2. Living Organisms a. Plants: roots break apart rocks, lichens produce acids b. Animals: earthworms, insects, bacteria and fungi

4. Things to Know Aeration: The presence of oxygen. Pore Spaces: Air holes between soil particles. Inorganic: Non living substances. Organic: Anything that is or once was living.

5. Things to know Soil Amendment: Items added to the soil to increase plant growth. Pasteurization: Process of heating soil to 180 degrees F to kill harmful diseases, weed seeds, and insects. Macronutrients: Elements needed by the plant in large amounts.

6. Things to know Fertilizer: Any material provided to plants to supply the nutrients needed for plant growth. Fertilizer Analysis: Statement on a fertilizer bag indicating the amount of primary elements in a fertilizer.

7. Types of Media Soil Soilless medium: Contains no topsoil. Hydroponics: Growing plants in water solutions.

8. Things media should provide: Media should hold nutrients. Adequate drainage- plants can die from lack of oxygen. Some consistency.

9. Organic Matter Mineral Matter Air Water

10. Explain the nature and composition of Soil; Soil is the outer layer of the earth Dirt is displaced Soil Air Water Organic Matter Mineral Matter Composition of average Soil a. 25% Air b. 25% Water c. 5% Organic Matter d. 45% Mineral Matter Pore Space: Spaces between solid matter, air and water will fill pore spaces

11. Components of Soil Sand: The largest soil particle Silt: Is smaller than sand but larger than clay. Clay: The smallest soil particle.

13. List and define mineral components of soil; Mineral Matter: inorganic material, non- living –Particles are labeled as Sand, Silt and Clay

14. Sand: largest particle –Large pore space, good aeration –Well drained –Not fertile, unable to hold nutrients –Feels gritty Silt: mid sized particle –Good water holding capacity –Retains nutrients –Feels like flour dry, velvet wet

15. Clay: Smallest particle –Ability to hold water and nutrients –Small pores, poor aeration and drainage –Hard clumps when dry, feels sticky when wet

16. Discuss soil texture and the textural triangle; Soil Texture: determined by proportions of the three types of mineral particles –Each Soil type has a name –Example: 40% sand, 20% clay, 40% silt, loam soil Common Soil types –Sandy Soil: Looseness, well aerated, good for root crops –Silty loam Soil: Very fertile, good to grow in. –Clay Soil: Heavy, dries very hard.

17. Textural Triangle: uses percentages of particles to determine soil types. Soil Textural Triangle Example: 40% Sand 20% Clay 40% Silt

18. E. Define Organic Matter and common soil amendments: Organic Matter: the accumulation of decayed or partially decayed plants and animals. Common additions of Organic matter to soil: –Manure, animal waste –Green “Manure”, or cover crop that is plowed into the ground. –Peat Moss or Compost, common for gardeners

19. F. Describe water relationships in the soil; Three main types of ground water. –Gravitational Water: Free flowing water pulled down by gravity. Flows quickly through sand, slowly through clay Leaching: as water moves through soil it carries with it nutrients, salts and chemicals. –Capillary Water: held between particles, moves up and sideways through soil. As soil dries out, it pulls water up though the pore space Plant available

20. Hygroscopic Water: water held in a thin film around the individual soil particles Not plant available

21. Soil pH Soil pH can range from 1-14 pH’s of 1-6 are acidic. pH’s of 7 are neutral. pH’s of 8-14 are alkaline.

22. Soil pH Most plants prefer a pH of 5.6 – 7 To raise the pH add limestone. To lower the pH add sulfur.

23. G. Describe the role of air in the soil; Air should make up 25% of the soil sample Air is in the pore space, fills with water after rain Must have a balance between air and water to maintain most plant life. –Too much water (lack of air), fermentation –Not enough water (too much air), wilted plants

24. H. Explain soil structure; Aggregates: large clusters of soil particles Soil Structure: the way which aggregates are arranged (8 types of structures) –Granular: most desirable –Crumb: also desirable –Platy –Prismatic –Massive –Columnar –Blocky –Single grain

25. 8 Types of Structure

26. I. Illustrate and label soil profiles; Soil is arranged in layers called: –Horizon: layers of soil in the profile Five major horizons, all horizons have names Depth and thickness of horizon vary depending on location Main Horizons – O horizon- Litter Layer, Organic material –A horizon- Top Soil, most fertile, up to 10 inches deep –C horizon- Sub soil, some nutrients leached from above –R horizon- Bedrock, or solid rock, parent material

28. Damage: Humans can destroy soil structure –Driving heavy equipment on when wet –Working Soil when excessively wet Clay particles clog pore spaces, soil compaction. Poor drainage, plants cannot grow

30. J. Discuss the process of soil erosion, its importance, and prevention. Erosion: the removal of soil by wind or water –Loosing valuable soil that then can pollute water and air –Soil Conservation Agricultural practices: Strip cropping, terraces, no till Wild land and home owners: plant roots can anchor soil in place