1. ENERGY STAR ® Green Machines Computer Specification 4.0 & Beyond * Chicago-Kent College of Law Energy Law Spring 2008 Brian O. Watson April 30, 2008 * The ENERGY STAR ® specification for computers is currently under revision for Version 5.0. Tier 1 of the Version 4.0 Specification went into effect on July 20, 2007.

2. Presentation Overview ENERGY STAR ® Generally ENERGY STAR ® Computer Specifications ENERGY STAR ® Power Supply Specifications ENERGY STAR ® Shortfalls

3. Know Your Eco Labels

4. What Is ENERGY STAR ® ? ENERGY STAR ® is: a joint program of the EPA and the Department of Energy geared toward helping Americans save money and protect the environment through energy efficient products and practices. ENERGY STAR ® principally is: a voluntary labeling program designed to identify and promote energy- efficient products through its partnerships with more than 9,000 private and public sector organizations ENERGY STAR ® costs (MM):

5. 40+ Product Categories Are Covered by ENERGY STAR ® Appliances Clothes washers Dishwashers Refrigerators Dehumidifiers Air cleaners Water coolers Heating & Cooling Central AC Heat pumps Boilers Furnaces Ceiling fans Room AC Ventilating fans Home Electronics Battery chargers Cordless phones Answering machines TV/VCRs DVD products Home audio External power adaptors Office Equipment Computers Monitors Printers Copiers Scanners Fax machines Multi-function devices Lighting CFLs Residential light fixtures Exit signs Traffic signals Home Envelope Home sealing Roof products Windows/Doors Commercial Food Service Refrigerators Freezers Fryers Steamers Hot food cabinets Vending machines

6. ENERGY STAR ® Specification Development Process

7. ENERGY STAR ® Computer Version 4.0 Timeline July, 2006 Stakeholder Comments Due on Draft 3. July, 2006 EPA will distribute an update document to all stakeholders informing them of the Agency’s approach for workstations. August, 2006 Industry Data Due to EPA on Current Models (all product categories). August, 2006 EPA releases proposed levels in the form of an Update. September, 2006 Stakeholder comments due on proposed levels. July, 2007 Specification is effective, EC Approval September, 2006 Stakeholder Comments Due on Final Draft. September, 2006 EPA Releases Final Draft with Levels October, 2006 EPA Releases Final Specification.

8. Consumers Trust ENERGY STAR ® The ENERGY STAR ® mark ranks among the highest level of influence on product purchase among all consumer emblems, similar in ranking to the Good Housekeeping Seal and Consumer Reports. Tremendous Influence Great Deal of Influence Some Influence 91% 90% 89% 88% 87% 86% 87% 85% 71% 57% 54% 46% 37%

9. Consumer Value in ENERGY STAR ® Consumer awareness and desire for efficiency savings is high, both economically and altruistically. In 2006, more than 65% of households nationwide recognized the ENERGY STAR ® label. Of households that purchased ENERGY STAR ® products in the past year: –More than 60% of them reported the label as influential to their purchasing decision. –More than 70% of them reported they are likely to recommend ENERGY STAR ® products to friends.

10. The Question How much energy can we expect to save in 2008 through ENERGY STAR ® ?

11. Expected annual savings in 2008 An academic calculation of: - 25.5 GW of peak load savings - 29.9 MMtC of emission avoidance

12. Summary of National Residential Electricity Consumption by End Use for 2020 Electronics is 19% of total residential electricity

13. Why Computers? 100 million office computers use 1% of the nation’s commercial electricity demand As many as 60% of employed adults in the U.S. do not turn their PC off at night It’s 3 a.m.... and our federal computers are still running! The U.S. government is the largest energy consumer in the nation

14. Federal Government is Supposedly Focused on Its Computing Use 1999

15. Today’s Computing Reality Average desktop wastes nearly half of the power delivered Servers lose approximately one-third of their power 90% of desktops do not utilize optimized power management settings

16. Power Management Myths Myth: Screensavers are needed to eliminate “burn-in” problems. –False: Modern displays have eliminated this need. So turn on the power management and turn off the digital aquarium. Myth: More energy is used to turn on your computer, than to leave it on when not in use. –False: The small surge of power when a computer is turned on is significantly less than the energy used by running the computer when not needed. Myth: Shutting down computers daily does more harm than good, and shortens the life of the computer. –False: Modern computers are designed to withstand frequent shutdowns.

17. Office Equipment: After-hours Power States

18. ENERGY STAR ® Computer Specification

19. ENERGY STAR ® Notebooks ENERGY STAR ® Basics for Notebooks 1. Requirements for the AC adapter (notebook power brick) 2. Idle power requirements 3. Sleep power requirements, and 4. Standby (Off) power requirements

20. ENERGY STAR ® Desktops Though it is the smartest device in the house, the desktop computer has been dumb when it comes to conserving energy. It's as if every household has a big, gas-guzzling vehicle (or two) in its driveway, all with engines racing. Most people have more computer than they need, says Bruce Nordman, a researcher at Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory. “It's like we're all driving sport utility computers.” And those hulking, desktop PCs gulp power because they've traditionally been shipped with their throttle stuck wide open. Of course, the energy wasted is more that of a big light bulb than an SUV. But if desktop PCs glowed like their equivalent 150-watt bulb, we'd think to dim them or even switch them off. They don't glow, and few PC owners bother to automatically power them down. David LaGesse, The PC's Dirty Little Secret: It Wastes Power Shamelessly, U.S. News & World Report (April 17, 2008) (emphasis added)

21. ENERGY STAR ® Desktops

22. Final Version 4.0: Effective Qualification Rates * * For Tier 1 Specification testing during rules drafting with data coverage of 141 desktops from six manufacturers and 89 notebooks from six manufacturers. No interim grandfathering of ENERGY STAR ® Version 3.0 compliance On July 20, 2007, the effective date: –Only 125 desktops and laptops compliant –Lenovo offered the most models with 78 –Gateway with 16 * * * –Dell had three –HP had one –Apple had (n)one

23. Undisputed: Power Management Makes an Impact Miami-Dade School District –PCs being kept on for an average of 21 hours each day to 10 hours per day –Miami-Dade went from being in the 35th percentile, at $461,655 per month, to the fourth percentile, at $243,157 per month –Estimates that PC power management will save the district at least $2MM per year General Electric –$2.5MM a year through approximately 75,000 PCs –Nearly $6.5MM over three years City of Boston –reduced energy consumption on its computers by an average of 44% since it started using PC power management software –180 kW per PC per year on 1,500 PCs in Boston City Hall Intel –65,000 laptop displays and 45,000 desktop monitors worldwide –Save about 9,650,000 kWh over the next year –At $0.05 per kWh, Intel will realize an annual savings of $482,000

24. How Are We As A Global Citizen? Program Country Date Type Notes of Interest

25. Power Supplies: Identify the ENERGY STAR ® ? Here it is on the new box you bought! Now, let’s see if you can find it on your power supply?

26. Why External Power Supplies? Estimated Power Supply Sales and Number in Use Source: Power Supply Efficiency What Have We Learned – Ecos Consulting February 2004 prepared for California Energy Commission* PIER Program

27. Why External Power Supplies? EPA estimates that there are possibly ten power adapters for every person in the U.S. (as many as 3.1 billion in total). –About 6 to 11% of U.S. electricity use is converted from high voltage AC to low voltage DC in power supplies: (200 to 340 billion kW-h/year worth $16 to $27 billion/year –About 3 to 4% of U.S. electricity use is consumed inside power supplies: (100 to 140 billion kW-h/year worth $8 to $11 billion/year) –About 1 to 2% of U.S. electricity use could be saved by more efficient power supplies (35 to 70 billion kW-h/year worth $3.4 to $6.8 billion/year) ENERGY STAR ® Proposed revisions to no load and active mode requirements (2008) Source: Power Supply Efficiency What Have We Learned – Ecos Consulting February 2004 prepared for California Energy Commission* PIER Program

28. National Electricity Use and Savings Potential for Various Products Containing Power Supplies

29. “Efficiency” = power out / power in Measure both when product is in active mode (operating) and standby modes If product has high active power use or long average hours of use/day, active will dominate –(If not, standby mode may dominate) Ideally, a power supply-containing product has minimal standby consumption, high operating efficiency across a wide range of load conditions, and is smart enough to “sleep” after inactivity. What Is an “Efficient” Power Supply?

30. Power Conversion

31. Microprocessor Power Supply “OFF” - 17 WattsON - 21 Watts Thermographs of Computer Tower

32. Why So Bad?

33. Losses Are Somewhat a Matter of Design

34. Price vs. Value Propositions Goal: Lowest Price Take cost out “at all costs” Quality and reliability can drop No product differentiation Least common denominator design: no features, no profits Penny-wise/pound foolish: What saves the buyer $1 up- front can add $10 or $20 to lifetime energy costs All of us pay more – higher energy bills, more air pollution, more new power plants and power lines Goal: Highest Value Emphasis on clever design and differentiation: multiple viable paths to success Minimize lifecycle cost: purchase price + lifetime maintenance, energy, & pollution costs Specs, labels, and utility programs help build a message of value: “may cost more, but worth more” Products more desirable: smaller, quieter, cooler, more convenient

35. Savings Potential is Huge What if all linear power supplies were improved from about 30% efficiency to 80%? What if all switching power supplies were improved from about 70% efficiency to 80%? –Well, annual savings would be more than 1% of total U.S. electricity use: about 32 billion kW-h and more than $2.5 billion in lower energy bills. Very cost effective – incremental costs often less than $1 (in some cases pennies) per power supply. Additional savings possible from substantial reductions in standby mode power consumption (currently averages 50 to 100 watts/home).

36. What Is 80 Plus? * 80 PLUS is an electric utility-funded incentive program to integrate more energy-efficient power supplies into desktop computers and servers. –Ecos Consulting & EPRI pay incentives and provide marketing and design/test support for all qualifying PCs shipped into the service territories of participating utilities throughout the U.S. Market barriers prevented widespread manufacture and use of highly efficient power supplies 80 PLUS is a manufacturer buy-down program for efficient power supplies in desktop PCs and desktop-derived servers –Participating utilities and energy efficiency organizations across North America have contributed over $5 million of incentives to help the computer industry transition to 80 PLUS certified power supplies. Qualifying units must be at least 80% efficient at 20%, 50%, and 100% load, plus have a power factor of at least 0.9 at 100% load. Utility payments of $5 per qualifying PC will lead to annual energy savings of 85 kW-h/unit, or more than $25 over a computer’s 4 year life. * It’s not ENERGY STAR ® ? ENERGY STAR ® Computer Specification (Version 4.0) goes into effect. The specification includes 80 PLUS power supply efficiency levels for desktop computers (July 20, 2007)

37. 80 PLUS Efficiency Test Results 352 Compliant Models from 66 Manufacturers

38. Progress on the Federal Level?

39. LocalCooling.com: Conscious Way to Expend Electricity

40. Behind the Green Curtain World of Tech Big tech companies are going green –… but what about the off-brand subcontractors that actually make their components? –... But what about your old PC?

41. ENERGY STAR ® Appliances Save More Than the Label Suggests

42. ENERGY STAR ® Conclusion