1. Genghis Khan and the Mongol Empire

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11. 11 http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=v_NPgMMazF4 Growth of Empire

12. I. Introduction to the Mongols A. Mongols ended/interrupted many great postclassical empires B. Extended world network – foundation for interaction on global scale C. Forged mightiest war machine D. Four khanates – sons divided 1. Ruled for 150 years 2. Last time nomadic peoples dominated sedentary peoples E. Paradox of rule – fierce fighters vs. tolerant/peaceful leaders F. Russia controlled by Khanate of Golden Horde

13. II. The Mongol Empire of Genghis Khan A. Who were the Mongols? 1. Nomadic world – excellent horsemen & archers a. Lived on herds – meat, milk, traded hides for grain/vegetables b. Children ride and use bow from early age 2. Originated in Asian Steppe - Cen. Asian plains 3. Political organization a. Like Bedouins – kin/clan based – combined in confederations when needed 4. Traditional religion = Shamanism - animistic 5. Unified 1st by Genghis Khan = Mongol Empire a. established capital at Karakoram = power shift to E.Asia

14. III. Mongol Habit of Cultural Adaptation A. Mongols Borrowed Culture 1. written lang. from Turks 2. law code from China 3. paper currency from China 4. new religious beliefs = Buddhism + Islam + Christianity

15. IV. The Mongol War Machine A. Genghis Khan’s leadership 1. organization, discipline, unity 2. directed fighting spirit toward conquest B. Tumens (divisions) = 10,000 men each C. New weapons – flaming arrows, gunpowder, siege weapons D. Superior tactics - trick enemy to attack; then surround & attack flanks E. Superior skills - Horsemanship and archery skills unmatched F. Conquer from China to E. Europe G. Few areas out of reach - Mongol failures: 1. W. Europe 2. Japan – failed twice 3. NE. Africa - defeated by Mamluks 4. India – Delhi Sultanate http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Mongol_E mpire_map.gif/300px-Mongol_Empire_map.gif

16. 16 Mongol Empire at death of Genghis Khan - 1227

17. 17 Expansion of Empire after Genghis Khan

18. V. Impacts of the Mongols A. Silk Road trade reopened/revitalized 1. SR cities like Samarkand and Bukhara flourished 2. International contacts increased B. Pax Mongolica 1. Single political authority across vast territory 2. Many conquered peoples left to govern themselves 3. Increased safety through Central Asia C. Bubonic Plague “Black Death” 1. Spreads west through Mongol world 2. Devastates Asia and European pop.

19. 19 Black Death Spreads Across Mongol Empire to Europe

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22. 22 The Geography of the Mongol Empire 1.Describe in detail the geographic extent of the Mongol Empire (map 1). 1.Which large regions of Asia generally escaped Mongol rule? Provide some possible explanation for each region (map 1). 2.What role/s do you think the Steppes played in the creation of the Mongol Empire (map 2)? 1.Why do you think Japan avoided invasion? North Africa? 1. 2.

23. 23 Mongol Commerce in China and Persia Briefly summarize (note form) Mongol economic contributions in each region, & create an image representing that contribution. Contribution:Image: Contribution:Image: Contribution:Image: Contribution:Image: Contribution:Image: Persia China

24. Yuan Dynasty Kublai Khan finished conquering the Song dynasty in 1276 – Launched two failed invasions of Japan New Social Hierarchy – Mongols; foreigners; northern Chinese; Southern Chinese Ended exam system Favored merchants & peasants over elites

25. 25 Fall of Yuan Dynasty – End of Mongol rule in China - After Kublai Khan’s death - Loss of focus on ruling - White Lotus Sect leads successful rebellion - Rebel leader founds Ming Dynasty

26. Overall Decline of the Mongols Mongols too few in number Mongol rule resented Increase use of firearms

27. Yuan Social Policies Mongols could not settle in China Outlawed intermarriage Promoted Buddhism & supported Daoism Mongol women refused to adopt Chinese customs – Retained influential status – Resisted footbinding

28. VI. Last of Mongol Leaders A. Timur – i lang = Timur or Tamerlane 1. Attempted to repeat conquests of G. Khan 2. Conquered Cen. Asia, Persia, N. India, S. Russia + parts of Mid. East. 3. Expansion ends with Timur’s death 4. Decendents ruled Cen. Asia (Samarkand & Bukhara) until 1500’s

29. 29 Decline of Mongol rule in China Fall of Yuan Dynasty Uprisings and protests among Chinese Scholars Actions/efforts of White Lotus Sect Frequent rebellions against Mongol rule After Kublai Khan’s death: loss of focus on ruling