1. Operant Conditioning Chapter 6-2

2. “Everything we do and are is determined by our history of rewards and punishments.” ~B.F. Skinner

3. Operant Conditioning people and animals learn to do certain things/not to do certain things because of the results (consequences of their actions) – conditioned responses in classical conditioning vs. operant conditioning involuntary (biological) voluntary

4. B.F. Skinner and Project Pigeon Skinner was a psychologist who developed a project idea during WWII. He hoped to train pigeons to guide missiles to targets. Equipment was bulky, so plans were abandoned, but it was a good example of operant conditioning.

5. “the Skinner box” animal cage ideal for lab experimentation because treatments can be introduced, removed, and observed

6. reinforcement process by which a stimulus increases the chances that the preceding behavior will occur again it does not matter why the person/animal makes the first response that is reinforced often the result of an action is all the reinforcement humans need

9. What is a reinforcer? a stimulus that encourages the behavior to occur again What is the difference between a primary and a secondary reinforcer? a primary reinforcer is a stimulus that is naturally rewarding, such as food or water a secondary reinforcer is a stimulus that becomes rewarding through its link with a primary reinforcer (such as money)

10. Positive vs. Negative Reinforcers positive reinforcers- increase the frequency of a behavior when they are used (food, fun, social approval) rewards- increase the frequency of a behavior when used

11. If you clean your room, I will give you $5. If you study for a test, you will get an “A”. What is the positive reinforcer/reward?

12. negative reinforcers- increase the frequency of a behavior when they are removed ; they are unpleasant in some way (discomfort, fear, social disapproval)

13. taking aspirin to relieve a headache hurrying home in the winter to get out of the cold fanning oneself to escape the heat faking a stomach ache in order to avoid school putting an umbrella up to escape the rain brushing your teeth to avoid cavities

14. Punishment and Omission Training punishment- decrease the frequency of a behavior when they are used; unpleasant or unwanted omission training- decrease the frequency of a behavior because something positive is taken away

15. Punishment- If you speed, you will get a ticket. If you are tardy to school, you will get a detention. Omission Training- If you come home after 11:00, I will take away your car. If you leave dirty dishes in the sink, I will take away your cell phone.

19. A Review- 1.Suzy takes out the trash every time it is full, because she does not want to be yelled at. 2.Fred stole a cookie from his grandma and now he is grounded until next Wednesday. 3.Molly is learning to use the “big girl potty” and every time she does, she gets a sticker. 4.Andy bit his little sister when she took his car. His mommy said if he does that again, she will take all of his cars away.

20. Type of Reinforcement Does it increase or decrease the behavior? What type of reinforcer does it use—positive or negative (good or bad)? How is the reinforcement used—is it given to the child, or taken away? positive reinforcement/ rewards negative reinforcement punishment omission training increase decrease positive/good negative/bad given taken away

21. Schedules of Reinforcement when and how often the reinforcement occurs continuous reinforcement- reinforcement happens every time the behavior occurs partial reinforcement- behavior is not reinforced every time it occurs; tend to last longer after reinforcement has stopped

22. Types of Partial Reinforcement interval schedules- based on the amount of time that passes between reinforcements ratio schedules- based on the number of correct responses before reinforcement

23. Fixed vs. Variable Fixed (predictable) fixed-interval schedules: set amount of time between reinforcements (example: psychology “pop quiz” every Friday) fixed-ratio schedules: reinforcement given after a set number of correct responses (example: being paid for every 10 pizzas made) Variable (unpredictable) variable-interval schedules: changing or varying amounts of time pass between reinforcements (example: a true pop quiz) variable-ratio schedules: reinforcement given after a varying or changing number of correct responses (example: playing slot machines)

24. A Review fixed-intervalvariable-interval fixed-ratiovariable-ratio 1.getting a sticker every time you turn your homework in 2.getting a piece of candy every other time you get an “A” on a test 3.having a math test every Tuesday 4.a pop quiz in biology 5.scratching off a game piece and winning a free Big Mac 6.getting a bonus point every once in awhile for participating in class

25. extinction- disappearance of a conditioned (or learned) response; happens because the events that had previously followed a stimulus no longer do shaping- a method for teaching complex behaviors by breaking a task into smaller steps and reinforcing those smaller steps

26. B.F. Skinner developed programmed learning, based on the ideas of shaping. programmed learning- an educational method that uses a “teaching machine” to present students with subject matter, one step/piece at a time; doesn’t punish for wrong answers

27. Sometimes, we unknowingly reinforce the incorrect behavior. This often happens with classroom discipline. By paying attention to misbehavior, we may actually be reinforcing it. To avoid this, teachers are encouraged to pay attention and reinforce appropriate behaviors and ignore inappropriate ones.