1. What are the characteristics of all radar systems?
Radar Basics
How does radar work?
What are the characteristics of all radar systems?
What are the characteristics of Canadian radars?
Introduction to the basic radar systems.
Conventional
Doppler
Dual Polarized

2. just like the light beam from a coastal lighthouse.
RADAR BEAM
The
beam
of energy
spreads out
with distance,
taking a shape
resembling a cone
just like the light beam from a coastal lighthouse.

3. t First pulse Second pulse beam width beam axis h (pulse lengthin
space)
(pulse length in
time) t

4. at a range (r) is given by: For small angles it can be approximated as
Widening Beam
Beamwidth (Wb)
at a range (r) is given by:
Wb = r · sin q
200
150
100 50 r
For small angles it can be approximated as
Wb » r q

5. in a homogeneous medium
EM Wave Propagation
Vacuum :
approximately 3 * 108 m/s
in a homogeneous medium
- straight line
- constant speed
atmosphere not being homogeneous...

6. Atmospheric Interactions
Refraction – beam bending
Absorption – energy absorption
Scattering – beam scattering
Reflection – beam reflection

7. Refraction refractive index n = c / u n: refractive index
c: lightspeed (in vacuum)
u: lightspeed in medium
Refractivity (N)
N = (n-1) 106

8. Radar Propagation depends mainly on vertical refractivity gradient
assumed straight line propagation
under “normal” conditions:
- constant standard refractive index gradient
- constant radius of the earth

9. Radar Equation
Pr : average received power (W) Pt : peak transmitted power (W)
ke: pulse length in space (m) G : antenna gain
qb : horizontal beam width fb : vertical beam width
l : transmitted wavelength (m) |K|2: target’s refractive index
r : target’s slant range (m) Z : target reflectivity factor
or Ze (mm6m-3)

10. Assumptions Radar range Equation non uniform vertical distribution
Z-R variations
beam filling

11. where C is the Radar Constant
Simpler Radar Equation
Pr average received power
where C is the Radar Constant
K target’s refractive index
Z target reflectivity factor
r target’s slant range

12. Sampling Reflectivity
Dimensions of volume elements being scanned
are determined by the beam widths and pulse length.
Beam width is associated with the equipment:
Pulse length affects the size of
conical section being sensed.

13. ATMOSPHERIC ATTENUATION As radiation interacts
with encountered particles
within a swept portion
of the atmosphere,
the associated energy
undergoes several changes
which tends to further reduce
its flux along the pulsating beams.
This is mainly due to:
absorption
scattering

14. ATMOSPHERIC ABSORPTION For microwaves, main absorbing gases are:
Water vapor :
Oxygen :
pressure
temperature (inverse)
absolute humidity
pressure (squared)
temperature
weaker variables:
- climate
- season
Corrections to the order of 3 to 4 dB (within 200 km)
can be applied to precipitation measurements.

15. PRF can theoretically determine a maximum unambiguous range.
Attenuation
PRF can theoretically determine
a maximum unambiguous range.
In practice, within a network,
the useful range of weather radars
would be less than 200 km.
Quantitative precipitation measurements
near the surface can extend to a distance of 130 km.
Doppler may expand intrinsic limitations
with new developments.
Special requirements for long range detection
of thunderstorm can also be serviced.

16. attenuation relates to: 5 cm: acceptable (higher latitude)
Hydrometeors
attenuation relates to:
- shape
- size
- composition
- wavelength:
10 cm: rather weak
5 cm: acceptable (higher latitude)
3 cm: significant

17. Water mass larger water mass causes more attenuation:
ice has less effect than liquid.
Attenuation increases in:
- more dense precipitation areas
- heavier precipitation

18. Size Melting precipitation and larger particles such as - wet snow
- hail
can distort precipitation estimates.
Cloud particles have little effect;
it can be ignored
(unless more precision required)

19. normal atmospheric conditions

20. abnormal atmospheric conditions
subrefraction
superrefraction
ducting
cool, moist air aloft
warm, dry air below
Unstable?
warm dry air aloft
cool, moist air below
Stable!
Really Stable!

21. just like the light beam from a coastal lighthouse.
RADAR BEAM
The
beam
of energy
spreads out
with distance,
taking a shape
resembling a cone
just like the light beam from a coastal lighthouse.

22. t First pulse Second pulse beam width beam axis h (pulse lengthin
space)
(pulse length in
time) t

23. at a range (r) is given by: For small angles it can be approximated as
Widening Beam
200
150
100 50 r
Beamwidth (Wb)
at a range (r) is given by:
Wb = r · sin q
For small angles it can be approximated as
Wb » r q

24. in a homogeneous medium
EM Wave Propagation
Vacuum :
approximately 3 * 108 m/s
in a homogeneous medium
- straight line
- constant speed
atmosphere not being homogeneous...

25. Atmospheric Interactions
Refraction – beam bending
Absorption – energy absorption
Scattering – beam scattering
Reflection – beam reflection

26. Refraction refractive index n = c / u n: refractive index
c: lightspeed (in vacuum)
u: lightspeed in medium
Refractivity (N)
N = (n-1) 106

27. Radar Propagation depends mainly on vertical refractivity gradient
assumed straight line propagation
under “normal” conditions:
- constant standard refractive index gradient
- constant radius of the earth

28. Radar Equation
Pr : average received power (W) Pt : peak transmitted power (W)
ke: pulse length in space (m) G : antenna gain
qb : horizontal beam width fb : vertical beam width
l : transmitted wavelength (m) |K|2: target’s refractive index
r : target’s slant range (m) Z : target reflectivity factor
or Ze (mm6m-3)

29. Assumptions Radar range Equation non uniform vertical distribution
Z-R variations
beam filling

30. where C is the Radar Constant
Simpler Radar Equation
Pr average received power
where C is the Radar Constant
K target’s refractive index
Z target reflectivity factor
r target’s slant range

31. Sampling Reflectivity
Dimensions of volume elements being scanned
are determined by the beam widths and pulse length.
Beam width is associated with the equipment:
Pulse length affects the size of
conical section being sensed.

32. ATMOSPHERIC ATTENUATION As radiation interacts
with encountered particles
within a swept portion
of the atmosphere,
the associated energy
undergoes several changes
which tends to further reduce
its flux along the pulsating beams.
This is mainly due to:
absorption
scattering

33. ATMOSPHERIC ABSORPTION For microwaves, main absorbing gases are:
Water vapor :
Oxygen :
pressure
temperature (inverse)
absolute humidity
pressure (squared)
temperature
weaker variables:
- climate
- season
Corrections to the order of 3 to 4 dB (within 200 km)
can be applied to precipitation measurements.

34. PRF can theoretically determine a maximum unambiguous range.
Attenuation
PRF can theoretically determine
a maximum unambiguous range.
In practice, within a network,
the useful range of weather radars
would be less than 200 km.
Quantitative precipitation measurements
near the surface can extend to a distance of 130 km.
Doppler may expand intrinsic limitations
with new developments.
Special requirements for long range detection
of thunderstorm can also be serviced.

35. attenuation relates to: 5 cm: acceptable (higher latitude)
Hydrometeors
attenuation relates to:
- shape
- size
- composition
- wavelength:
10 cm: rather weak
5 cm: acceptable (higher latitude)
3 cm: significant

36. Water mass larger water mass causes more attenuation:
ice has less effect than liquid.
Attenuation increases in:
- more dense precipitation areas
- heavier precipitation

37. Size Melting precipitation and larger particles such as - wet snow
- hail
can distort precipitation estimates.
Cloud particles have little effect;
it can be ignored
(unless more precision required)

38. normal atmospheric conditions

39. abnormal atmospheric conditions
subrefraction
superrefraction
ducting
cool, moist air aloft
warm, dry air below
Unstable?
warm dry air aloft
cool, moist air below
Stable!
Really Stable!

40. Common location for virga AB
Warm Frontal Cross-section along Leading Branch of the Warm Conveyor Belt (WCB)
Common location for virga A
WCB
WCB oriented for
maximum frontal lift
Virga Precipitation
Increasing CCB
Moistening
WCB oriented for
less frontal lift
Lower
Hydrometeor
Density
Mixing Zone
Surface
Warm Front
CCB
Link to Classic
Example A B
Cold air in Cold Conveyor Belt (CCB) deep and dry
Notes:
All descriptive terms are intended to be comparative between the various conveyor belts in the Conveyor Belt Conceptual Model.
All quantities are intended to be the average or typical values
Virga may be the result of melting snow or evapourating rain to cause the reduced hydrometeor density and thus increased visibility or reduced obstruction to visibility
These comments will need validation – many are just my simple operational observations
The slope of the warm front should be more shallow because this portion of the WCB is not as strong suggesting that the isentropic lift is more gentle and more spread out over a broader distance. This is also consistent with the observed cloud types of cirrostratus.
This portion of the cold front should be colder and drier as it is fresh out of the preceding ridge of high pressure. This helps evapouration of the precipitation.
Only the highest portions of the WCB are likely to experience frontal lift and thus possible produce hydrometeors.
This portion of the warm front is most likely to be inactive or katabaic so that precipitation processes are less likely and if they do occur, they are less likely to be intense enough to produce precipitation to the ground.
Just poleward of the warm front, the cloud type is likely to be altostratus or cirrostratus.
Moist portion of Warm Conveyor Belt (WCB) is high and veered from frontal perpendicular – katabatic tendency
Dry lower levels of WCB originate from ahead of the system and backed from frontal perpendicular
WCB typically veers with height (it is after all, a warm front)
Frontal slope is more shallow than the typical 1:200
Precipitation extends equidistant into the unmodified CCB
Precipitation extends further into the moistened, modified CCB

41. Vertical Deformation Zone Distribution and the CBM Simplified Summary
The WCB overrides the warm front
CCB
The CCB undercuts the warm front C
The frontal surface overlies the mixing layer
Wind shear in the CCB is variable
Looking along the flow:
In WCB to the right of the Col expect veering winds with height – Katabatic warm front
In WCB approach to the right of the Col expect maximum divergence – the eagle pattern with ascent and increasing pcpn
In WCB to the left of the Col expect backing winds with height – Anabatic warm front
WCB
DCB C C
DCB
Typical distributions of the conveyor belts and the associated deformation zones. Recall from the satellite palette that the deformation zone is actually a cross-section of the deformation sheath that encases an isentropic flow. Similarly, the vorticity centres depicted in the deformation zone conceptual model are actually vortex tubes that also slope in the vertical along with the deformation sheath.
The Warm Conveyor Belt (WCB) typically rises isentropically with poleward (both northeasterly and northwesterly) motion and time. The WCB is shown with no vertical wind shift but typically it veers with height which is consistent with warm air advection.
The Cold Conveyor Belt (CCB) typically sinks isentropically with equatorward (southwesterly) motion and time. The CCB typically backs with height which is consistent with cold air advection.
The Dry Conveyor Belt (DCB) typically sinks isentropically with equatorward (southeasterly) motion and time. In the “dry slot” of the comma pattern, the DCB is typically rising isentropically with poleward (northeasterly) motion and time. The DCB typically veers with height with the approaching upper ridge.
The flow ahead of the conveyor belt system has not been typically described but is the remains of the dry conveyor belt caught up in the upper ridge circulation. (Chadwick has described it in unpublished work.) This circulation is dry and subsiding with poleward (northwesterly) motion and time. The portion of the flow that turns southwesterly dry rises with equatorward (southwesterly) motion and time. This portion of the CCB typically veers with height which is consistent with warm air advection west of the upper ridge.
The slope of the isentropic surfaces can be inferred from the overlap of the deformation zones. The slope of the isentropic surfaces can also be used to analyze instability. Isentropically speaking, sinking cold air and rising warm air converts thermal energy into kinetic energy. The vertical motions of dry air is not so simple isentropically speaking – have to ponder this!
The introduction of isentropic thinking to NinJo will make the investigation of these concepts much easier.

42. Range Ring versus Radial Zero Velocity Doppler Lines

43. Need to emphasize D A The PPI nature of the G C B Doppler scan E
- The cone D A G C B E F
This is the idea. I am contemplating:
Leaving this material as is and letting COMET build it in Flash from the letters and the descriptive text
Building this in HTML as the roll-overs area easier in HTML
Note that the animations in PPT obscure the lettering unless the presentation is in “play” mode. It makes it more difficult to work on.
A is at the radar site.
The arc A to B represents the veering wind associated with the warm front as seen to the east of the radar. Is this the mixing zone or the warm air advection in the CCB? The warm frontal surface must be at the top of the mixing zone.
The arc A to C is the same representation to the west.
The difference in the height of B and C represents the slope of the warm front.
The shape of the outbound reds in the arc A to B defines the eagles head.
The stronger the low level CCB the “brighter” will be the “beak”.
The more curved the A to B veering wind is the more prominent will be the beak.
The best “beak” will be displayed by a backing wind in the lower part of the A to B layer. This backing wind is indicative of cold air advection within the CCB. This is suggestive that the cold layer underneath the warm frontal surface coninutes to cool with fresh reinforcements. The cold air is likely to become deeper and more entrenched thus preventing the northward progression of the warm front which is really the southward advance of the cold air.
The smallest “beak” will be displayed by a veering wind in the lower part of the A to B layer. This veering wind is indicative of warm air advection within the CCB. This is suggestive that the cold layer underneath the warm frontal surface is warming and is likely to dissipate allowing the northward progression of the warm front which is really the northward retreat of the cold air.
B and E are very close to being on the same radial which means that there is no change in wind direction and no thermal advection.
From C to D there is a slight backing of the wind which becomes more pronounced at point F. This backing of the winds increases the height of the right wing.
If we look at the radial from A to F and the winds are at right angles, then at point F our winds are from 160 degrees. Contrast this with what happens west of the radar.
Between points E and G the winds back slightly and are about 180 degrees at point G. This backing of the winds increases the height of the right wing.
Between points G and H the winds veer. At point H if we look at the A to H radial and go 90 degrees we define a wind direction of about 215 degrees. The 20 to 40 degree wind direction difference between D to F and G to H is what gives our eagle it’s wing shape. The 215 winds to the east of the radar and the 160 winds to the west indicate we are close to the col of the conveyor belt.
As we move further west or as the warm conveyor belt moves over this radar the left wing of the eagle should maintain itself or become more curved and the right wing should straighten out. I think a simple streamline example will illustrate this. H

45. D A G C B E F H WCB Doppler Diagnosis.
Almost by definition, the lowest level of the WCB is also the frontal surface. The baroclinic frontal mixing zone is always within the cold air and thus must be predominantly within the CCB.
E (I believe) is the warm front at the top of the mixing zone. The veering in the layer AE is explainable by both the Ekman Spiral and the warm air advection in the warm frontal mixing zone. EG backs slightly and is a marked difference from AE.
C is the western counterpart to E but its placement is uncertain and it should be at roughly the same height as E.
D and G identify the maximum penetration of the “toward” component into the “away” component. Any further displacement than these points and everything is “away” with respect to the radar origin.
These points are far apart and opposite each other across the origin in a divergent flow. The winds of the eagle are fully extended.
These points are closer together and opposite each other across the origin in a convergent flow. The winds of the eagle are folded inward.
Can these toward (or away extremes) ever be more than directly across the origin (radar site) from each other? I think not.
These primary points (after the bird’s primary feathers) occur at the crest of the wind and separate backing from veering winds.
The magnitude difference between the backing and veering determines the size of the wing. More backing separating more veering is associated with more significant thermal advections and a broader wing like that of an eagle.
Less backing separating less veering is associated with less significcant thermal advections and a shallow wing like that of a gull. H

49. Virga only likely on the leading edge of the WCB
Under WCB
Virga only likely on the leading edge of the WCB
The CCB is becoming increasingly moist
Frontal overrunning and isentropic lift is increasing thus increasing the intensity of the precipitation process.
Warm front becoming more likely Anabatic
Click for the Conceptual Model and Explanation

50. Common location for virgaB
Warm Frontal Cross-section along Central Branch of the Warm Conveyor Belt (WCB) A
Common location for virga
WCB
WCB oriented for
maximum frontal lift
Virga Precipitation
Increasing CCB
Moistening
Lower
Hydrometeor
Density
Mixing Zone
Surface
Warm Front
Precipitation
At Surface
CCB A B
Cold air in Cold Conveyor Belt (CCB) more shallow and moist
Notes:
All descriptive terms are intended to be comparative between the various conveyor belts in the Conveyor Belt Conceptual Model.
All quantities are intended to be the average or typical values
Virga may be the result of melting snow or evapourating rain to cause the reduced hydrometeor density and thus increased visibility or reduced obstruction to visibility
These comments will need validation – many are just my simple operational observations. This will be made easier with isentropic thinking and NinJo.
Compared to the previous slide and the leading branch of the WCB cross-section:
The depth of the WCB with a component of flow normal to the warm front is deeper.
The cold air mass is increasing moist from the precipitation.
The area of precipitation at the ground will show rapid increase as a result of the precipitation extending further downward into the moistened, modified CCB. The expansion of the precipitation area is a result of the moistened CCB and not any increases in the precipitation processes.
The warm front has equal probability of being anabatic or katabatic.
Just poleward of the warm front, the cloud type is likely to be altostratus
Moist portion of Warm Conveyor Belt (WCB) is thicker, higher and perpendicular to front
Lower levels of WCB have the same origin as the upper level of the WCB - frontal perpendicular
WCB shows little directional shift with height. A greater WCB depth is frontal perpendicular
Frontal slope is near the typical 1:200
Precipitation extends further into the moistened, modified CCB.
Horizontal rain area begins to expand as CCB moistens.

51. Vertical Deformation Zone Distribution and the CBM Simplified Summary
The WCB overrides the warm front
CCB
The CCB undercuts the warm front C
The frontal surface overlies the mixing layer
Wind shear in the CCB is variable
Looking along the flow:
In WCB to the right of the Col expect veering winds with height – Katabatic warm front
In WCB approach to the right of the Col expect maximum divergence – the eagle pattern with ascent and increasing pcpn
In WCB to the left of the Col expect backing winds with height – Anabatic warm front
WCB
DCB C C
DCB
Typical distributions of the conveyor belts and the associated deformation zones. Recall from the satellite palette that the deformation zone is actually a cross-section of the deformation sheath that encases an isentropic flow. Similarly, the vorticity centres depicted in the deformation zone conceptual model are actually vortex tubes that also slope in the vertical along with the deformation sheath.
The Warm Conveyor Belt (WCB) typically rises isentropically with poleward (both northeasterly and northwesterly) motion and time. The WCB is shown with no vertical wind shift but typically it veers with height which is consistent with warm air advection.
The Cold Conveyor Belt (CCB) typically sinks isentropically with equatorward (southwesterly) motion and time. The CCB typically backs with height which is consistent with cold air advection.
The Dry Conveyor Belt (DCB) typically sinks isentropically with equatorward (southeasterly) motion and time. In the “dry slot” of the comma pattern, the DCB is typically rising isentropically with poleward (northeasterly) motion and time. The DCB typically veers with height with the approaching upper ridge.
The flow ahead of the conveyor belt system has not been typically described but is the remains of the dry conveyor belt caught up in the upper ridge circulation. (Chadwick has described it in unpublished work.) This circulation is dry and subsiding with poleward (northwesterly) motion and time. The portion of the flow that turns southwesterly dry rises with equatorward (southwesterly) motion and time. This portion of the CCB typically veers with height which is consistent with warm air advection west of the upper ridge.
The slope of the isentropic surfaces can be inferred from the overlap of the deformation zones. The slope of the isentropic surfaces can also be used to analyze instability. Isentropically speaking, sinking cold air and rising warm air converts thermal energy into kinetic energy. The vertical motions of dry air is not so simple isentropically speaking – have to ponder this!
The introduction of isentropic thinking to NinJo will make the investigation of these concepts much easier.

52. Diagnosis of the Conveyor Belts
Wind direction and speed diagnosis should be completed independently in each conveyor belt
Given the nature of isentropic flow, this is a prudent mode of diagnosis. Isentropic flows stay relatively separate and maintain their distinctive properties.
The Doppler characteristics depicted in the CCB are separate from those in the WCB. When added, instructive patterns are revealed.

53. Range Ring versus Radial Zero Velocity Doppler LinesB A B C A C
Radial Zero Lines
Range Ring Zero Lines
A is the radar site
A zero Doppler Velocity line that follows a radial from the radar like BC depicts velocity vectors that are
At every increasing heights
Depictions of vertical wind differences
Radial Zero Lines thus depict vertical wind difference
A is the radar site
A zero Doppler Velocity line that follows a range ring like BC depicts velocity vectors that are
All at the same elevation
Depictions of horizontal wind differences
Range Ring Zero Lines thus depict spatial wind difference
These are important conceptual models in order to make the use of Doppler information
The real Doppler data is a combination of these two patterns

54. Need to emphasize D A The PPI nature of the G C B Doppler scan E
- The cone D A G C B E F
This is the idea. I am contemplating:
Leaving this material as is and letting COMET build it in Flash from the letters and the descriptive text
Building this in HTML as the roll-overs area easier in HTML
Note that the animations in PPT obscure the lettering unless the presentation is in “play” mode. It makes it more difficult to work on.
The animations highlight the best way to deduce winds vectors from the Doppler signal. The work below should highlight how the winds in the CCB are diagnosed separately from the winds in the WCB. The resultant diagnoses are then added together to create the mythical creature desired.
A is at the radar site.
The arc A to B represents the veering wind associated with the warm front as seen to the east of the radar. Is this the mixing zone or the warm air advection in the CCB? The warm frontal surface must be at the top of the mixing zone.
The arc A to C is the same representation to the west.
The difference in the height of B and C represents the slope of the warm front.
The shape of the outbound reds in the arc A to B defines the eagles head.
The stronger the low level CCB the “brighter” will be the “beak”.
The more curved the A to B veering wind is the more prominent will be the beak.
The best “beak” will be displayed by a backing wind in the lower part of the A to B layer. This backing wind is indicative of cold air advection within the CCB. This is suggestive that the cold layer underneath the warm frontal surface coninutes to cool with fresh reinforcements. The cold air is likely to become deeper and more entrenched thus preventing the northward progression of the warm front which is really the southward advance of the cold air.
The smallest “beak” will be displayed by a veering wind in the lower part of the A to B layer. This veering wind is indicative of warm air advection within the CCB. This is suggestive that the cold layer underneath the warm frontal surface is warming and is likely to dissipate allowing the northward progression of the warm front which is really the northward retreat of the cold air.
B and E are very close to being on the same radial which means that there is no change in wind direction and no thermal advection.
From C to D there is a slight backing of the wind which becomes more pronounced at point F. This backing of the winds increases the height of the right wing.
If we look at the radial from A to F and the winds are at right angles, then at point F our winds are from 160 degrees. Contrast this with what happens west of the radar.
Between points E and G the winds back slightly and are about 180 degrees at point G. This backing of the winds increases the height of the right wing.
Between points G and H the winds veer. At point H if we look at the A to H radial and go 90 degrees we define a wind direction of about 215 degrees. The 20 to 40 degree wind direction difference between D to F and G to H is what gives our eagle it’s wing shape. The 215 winds to the east of the radar and the 160 winds to the west indicate we are close to the col of the conveyor belt.
As we move further west or as the warm conveyor belt moves over this radar the left wing of the eagle should maintain itself or become more curved and the right wing should straighten out. I think a simple streamline example will illustrate this. H

55. Active or Anabatic Warm Front

56. CCB Doppler Diagnosis B B C C A A The Beaked Eagle The Headless Eagle
A is the radar site
AB is backing with height indicative of cold advection where really there should be veering with the Ekman Spiral
BC is veering with height indicative of warm advection
B is the front with the mixing layer hidden in the cold advection
This is a strong cold advection
The warm front will be slow moving or stationary
A is the radar site
ABC is all veering with height indicative of warm advection. Layer AB is apt to be partially the result of the Ekman Spiral
BC is veering with height indicative of warm advection
Where is the front and the mixing layer?
The cold advection is not apparent and the warm front will advance
One must always attempt to identify the location of the boundaries between the conveyor belts. The methods to do this are:
Consider the ever present Ekman Spiral which should cause veering with height. There will be an abrupt change in the wind direction and speed (gradient wind) at the top of the PBL and the Ekman Spiral.
Know the expected characteristics of the conveyor belt one is diagnosing by placing the Doppler data into the conveyor belt pattern and employing situational awareness.
Keep the mixing layer of any front within the cold air mass. The frontal surface is always higher than this mixing layer.

57. WCB Doppler Diagnosis D A G C B E F H WCB Doppler Diagnosis.
Almost by definition, the lowest level of the WCB is also the frontal surface. The baroclinic frontal mixing zone is always within the cold air and thus must be predominantly within the CCB.
E (I believe) is the warm front at the top of the mixing zone. The veering in the layer AE is explainable by both the Ekman Spiral and the warm air advection in the warm frontal mixing zone. EG backs slightly and is a marked difference from AE.
C is the western counterpart to E but its placement is uncertain and it should be at roughly the same height as E.
D and G identify the maximum penetration of the “toward” component into the “away” component. Any further displacement than these points and everything is “away” with respect to the radar origin.
These points are far apart and opposite each other across the origin in a divergent flow. The winds of the eagle are fully extended.
These points are closer together and opposite each other across the origin in a convergent flow. The winds of the eagle are folded inward.
Can these toward (or away extremes) ever be more than directly across the origin (radar site) from each other? I think not.
These primary points (after the bird’s primary feathers) occur at the crest of the wind and separate backing from veering winds.
The magnitude difference between the backing and veering determines the size of the wing. More backing separating more veering is associated with more significant thermal advections and a broader wing like that of an eagle.
Less backing separating less veering is associated with less significcant thermal advections and a shallow wing like that of a gull. H

58. WCB Doppler Diagnosis – Diagnosis on the Eagle Wing
The Left Eagle Wing
The Right Eagle Wing
A is the radar site
BC is veering with height indicative of warm advection.
CD is backing with height indicative of cold advection
Larger angles subtended by the arcs BC and CD by the radar site A, are associated with strong thermal advections
A broad wind in the eagle is associated with strong advections
A is the radar site
BC is backing with height indicative of cold advection.
CD is veering with height indicative of warm advection
Larger angles subtended by the arcs BC and CD by the radar site A, are associated with strong thermal advections
A broad wind in the eagle is associated with strong advections
The eagle wing analogy works – I am certain there are many more analogies that could be employed.
Notice that the type and intensity of the thermal advections can be determined by the size of the angle that the arc subtends and the direction of the arc.
Thermal Advection Intensity
The larger the angle subtended by the arc, the stronger the advections.
The smaller the angle subtended by the arc, the weaker the advections.
Thermal Advection Type
If the arc rotates cyclonically or clockwise with height, the arc is associated with warm thermal advection.
If the arc rotates anticyclonically or counterclockwise with height, the arc is associated with cold thermal advection.

59. WCB Doppler Diagnosis – Diagnosis on the Gull Wing
The Left Eagle Wing
The Right Eagle Wing
A is the radar site
BC is veering with height indicative of warm advection.
CD is backing with height indicative of cold advection
Larger angles subtended by the arcs BC and CD by the radar site A, are associated with strong thermal advections
A broad wind in the eagle is associated with strong advections
A is the radar site
BC is backing with height indicative of cold advection.
CD is veering with height indicative of warm advection
Larger angles subtended by the arcs BC and CD by the radar site A, are associated with strong thermal advections
A broad wind in the eagle is associated with strong advections

60. The CCB has become moist
Behind WCB
Virga much less likely
The CCB has become moist
Frontal overrunning and isentropic lift is maximized thus maximizing the intensity of the precipitation process.
Warm front is likely Anabatic
Click for the Conceptual Model and Explanation

61. Common location for virgaB
Warm Frontal Cross-section along Trailing Branch of the Warm Conveyor Belt (WCB) A
Common location for virga
WCB
WCB oriented for
maximum frontal lift
Virga Precipitation
Increasing CCB
Moistening
Lower
Hydrometeor
Density
Mixing Zone
Surface
Warm Front
Precipitation
At Surface
CCB A B
Cold air in Cold Conveyor Belt (CCB) even more shallow and more moist
Notes:
All descriptive terms are intended to be comparative between the various conveyor belts in the Conveyor Belt Conceptual Model.
All quantities are intended to be the average or typical values
Virga may be the result of melting snow or evapourating rain to cause the reduced hydrometeor density and thus increased visibility or reduced obstruction to visibility
These comments will need validation – many are just my simple operational observations
Compared to the previous slide and the central branch of the WCB cross-section:
The depth of the WCB with a component of flow normal to the warm front is even deeper.
The cold air mass is increasing moist from the precipitation.
The area of precipitation at the ground will continue to show rapid increase as a result of the precipitation extending further downward into the moistened, modified CCB. The expansion of the precipitation area is a result of the moistened CCB and not any increases in the precipitation processes.
The warm front is more likely to be anabatic or active.
Just poleward of the warm front, the cloud type will certainly be nimbostratus
Moist portion of Warm Conveyor Belt (WCB) is thicker, higher and backed from frontal perpendicular – anabatic tendency
Lower levels of WCB have the same origin as the upper level of the WCB
WCB probably backs slightly with height in spite of the warm air advection. A greater WCB depth is frontal perpendicular
Frontal slope likely steeper than the typical 1:200
Precipitation extends further into the moistened, modified CCB.
Horizontal rain area expands rapidly as CCB moistened.

62. Vertical Deformation Zone Distribution and the CBM Summary
CCB C
WCB
DCB C C C C
DCB
Typical distributions of the conveyor belts and the associated deformation zones. Recall from the satellite palette that the deformation zone is actually a cross-section of the deformation sheath that encases an isentropic flow. Similarly, the vorticity centres depicted in the deformation zone conceptual model are actually vortex tubes that also slope in the vertical along with the deformation sheath.
The Warm Conveyor Belt (WCB) typically rises isentropically with poleward (both northeasterly and northwesterly) motion and time. The WCB is shown with no vertical wind shift but typically it veers with height which is consistent with warm air advection.
The Cold Conveyor Belt (CCB) typically sinks isentropically with equatorward (southwesterly) motion and time. The CCB typically backs with height which is consistent with cold air advection.
The Dry Conveyor Belt (DCB) typically sinks isentropically with equatorward (southeasterly) motion and time. In the “dry slot” of the comma pattern, the DCB is typically rising isentropically with poleward (northeasterly) motion and time. The DCB typically veers with height with the approaching upper ridge.
The flow ahead of the conveyor belt system has not been typically described but is the remains of the dry conveyor belt caught up in the upper ridge circulation. (Chadwick has described it in unpublished work.) This circulation is dry and subsiding with poleward (northwesterly) motion and time. The portion of the flow that turns southwesterly dry rises with equatorward (southwesterly) motion and time. This portion of the CCB typically veers with height which is consistent with warm air advection west of the upper ridge.
The slope of the isentropic surfaces can be inferred from the overlap of the deformation zones. The slope of the isentropic surfaces can also be used to analyze instability. Isentropically speaking, sinking cold air and rising warm air converts thermal energy into kinetic energy. The vertical motions of dry air is not so simple isentropically speaking – have to ponder this!
The introduction of isentropic thinking to NinJo will make the investigation of these concepts much easier.

63. G D A C B F
On the west side of the warm conveyor belt the eagle has indeed lost it’s right wing. The left wing continues to show the 40 degrees of backing of the winds into the southeast. But now the right wing is also backing but by only about 10 or 15 degrees. The flow is still diffluent but not as much as in the middle of the arm conveyor belt.

64. Behind WCB

65. Behind WCB

66. Behind WCB

67. Behind WCB

68. Behind WCB

69. This must be and remain as Slide 31.
The links to the three sections of the airflows that comprise each of the conveyor belts are located at Slide 1,11 and 21.
Slide 11 is always the central, col limited circulation.
This leaves 10 PowerPoint slides for the development of the training material which should be more than adequate.