1. Protestant Reformation 1517

2. Renaissance's effect
People began to question their lives and authority

3. Catholic Church had been biggest authority of the Middle Ages.

4. Conflicts that challenged the authority of the Church in Rome
Merchant wealth challenged the Church’s opposition to usury (charging interest)
German & Eng. Nobility disliked Italian domination of the Church
Church’s great political power & wealth caused conflict
Corruption & sale of indulgences

5. Church Dissenters prior to Martin Luther
John Wycliffe – English philosopher
Led movement of opposition to medieval Church
Forerunner of the Reformation
Jan Huss – Czech priest
Church reformer
Tried & burned for heresy

6. Martin Luther nails
“95 Theses” to church door in Wittenberg, Germany

7. Martin Luther- 1517 German monk Questioned Churches practices such as:
Sale of indulgences by Johann Tetzel building a church
“ selling forgiveness for sins”
Automatic trip to heaven
"As soon as a coin in the coffer rings / the soul from purgatory springs."

8. The Lutheran Tradition
Views:
Salvation by faith alone
Bible = ultimate authority
Bible should be in vernacular
Priests; no special powers
All humans = before God

9. The Lutheran Tradition
Actions:
95 Theses
95 things church is doing wrong
Nailed to church door in Wittenburg, Germany
Birth of Protestant Church

10. The Lutheran Tradition
Luther writes down his “95 Theses” (95 things church is doing wrong) and nails them to the church in Wittenberg (Germany)

11. Role of Printing Press
Growth of literacy stimulated by Gutenberg printing press
Bible printed in Eng., Fr., & Ger.
Spread ideas of Ref. and Ren.

12. Martin Luther “Faith Alone” will save you
All should read the Bible in their own vernacular (language)
Priests do not have special powers
Simplify the sacraments to baptism and communion
Religious Education for all.

13. How will the church react?
How will people react?
How will the church react?

14. Church’s Reaction
Want Martin Luther to recant (take back) what he said @ Diet of Worms
Diet – group/assembly
Worms is a place in Germany

16. Luther says NO. Hier stehe ich. Ich kann nicht anders. Gott helfe mir
Luther says NO!!!!!!!!!! Hier stehe ich. Ich kann nicht anders. Gott helfe mir. Amen." ("Here I stand. I can do nothing else. God help me. Amen.")
He is excommunicated from church and forced into hiding for the rest of his life

17. Results of Luther’s actions?
- Opened people’s eyes to corruption of the church
new churches created based on own beliefs– ex John Calvin-- Calvinism
Ex. Protestant, Lutheran, Baptists, Puritans, Methodists, Calvinists, and so on.

19. John Calvin - Calvinism
French lawyer - moved to religious community in Geneva, Switzerland
“Faith Alone” saves you
PREDESTINATION - God has already decided who is saved/condemned.

20. The Calvinist tradition
Views:
Predestination - God has already decided who is saved/condemned.
Faith revealed by living a righteous life
Work ethic

21. The Calvinist tradition
Actions:
Expansion of the Protestant movement
Spreads to France, Germany, Netherlands, Scandinavia, Scotland
Scottish Presbyterians, American Baptists, Puritans, from this branch.

22. Calvinism
Spreads to France, Germany, Netherlands, Scandinavia, Scotland
Scottish Presbyterians, American Baptists, Puritans, from this branch.

23. Henry VIII of England
Wished to divorce Catherine of Aragon and marry Anne Boleyn
Pope refused to grant it
Henry dismissed the authority of the Pope in Rome
declares himself head of the Church of England, or Anglican Church

24. Act of Supremacy- 1534
The King is head of the church in England, not the Pope!!
Actions:
Divorced
Broke w/Rome
Took lands & wealth of Roman Catholic Church in England

25. Mary I of England
Daughter of Henry and 1st wife Catherine of Aragon
Catholic Queen
Actions:
Restored Roman Catholicism, briefly
Persecuted, burned dissenters
Mary’s successor, Elizabeth, returned England to Protestantism

26. Queen Elizabeth I –
Established English Protestant or Anglican Church
Tolerance for dissenters
Expansion & colonialism
Victory over Spanish Armada (1588)
Catholic Spain attacking Protestant England

27. Reformation in Germany
Northern Germany princes – convert to Protestantism
End authority of Pope in their states
Austrian Hapsburg family & authority of Holy Roman Empire continue to support RCC
Conflicts between Protestants & Catholics ex. Thirty Years War

28. Reformation in France
Catholic monarchy grants Huguenots (French Protestants) religious freedom
Edict of Nantes
Later revoked

29. Reformation in France Increased centralized power
Cardinal Richelieu
French “Prime Minister”
Changed focus of 30 Years War from religious to political.
Sought to centralize French political power
Oppose Hapsburg/Spanish aggression/influence
Returned restrictions on Huguenots
Reduced taxation on nobility
Peasants oppressed

30. The COUNTER-Reformation
The Catholic Church
Strikes Back!!

31. 1545 Council of Trent
Determined what was heresy (against church teachings)
Reaffirmed most church doctrine & practices
Launched the Inquisition, and the Jesuits

32. The Society of Jesus - Jesuits
Founded to spread Catholic doctrine around the world
Stop spread of Protestantism

33. The Inquisition Catholic Church’s prosecution of “heretics”
Thousands killed/imprisoned
Galileo – heliocentric theory doesn’t
work for Catholic Church

34. The Inquisition

35. Changing Cultural Values, Traditions & Philosophies of the time
Growth of:
Secularism
Individualism
Religious tolerance

36. IN SHORT, THE REFORMATION ENDED CHURCH UNITY IN WESTERN EUROPE