1. Verbs

2. What is a Verb? A verb is a word used to express an action, a condition, or a state of being. The two main verbs are action verbs and linking verbs. Both can be accompanied by helping verbs.

3. Action Verbs An action verb tells what its subject does. The action it expresses can be either physical or mental. King Kong stomps through the streets of New York. (physical) Everyone fears Kong (mental)

4. Linking Verbs A linking verb links its subject to a word in the predicate. The most common linking verbs are forms of the verb be. King Kong is a huge gorilla. Linking verb Links

5. Helping Verbs and Verb Phrases Helping verbs help main verbs express precise shades of meaning. The combination of one or more helping verbs with a main verb is called a verb phrase. We have watched the moving King Kong four times. Helping verb Main verb

6. Common Helping Verbs Forms of “be” be, am, is, are, was, were, been, being Forms of “do”Do, does, did Forms of “have”Have, has, had OthersCould, should, would, may, might, must, can, shall, will

7. Action Verbs and Direct Objects A direct object is a noun or pronoun that names the receiver of an action. The direct object answers the question what or whom. The scriptwriter begins the process. Action verb Direct Object

8. Action Verbs and Indirect Objects An indirect object tells to what or whom or for what or whom an action is done. Verbs that often take indirect objects include bring, give, hand, lend, make, send, show, teach, tell, and write. The director gives the scriptwriter some advice. To whom Indirect object Direct object

9. Transitive Verbs An action verb that has a direct object is called a transitive verb. Scriptwriters set pace of their movies. Direct Object Transitive Verb

10. Intransitive Verbs A verb that does not have a direct object is called an intransitive verb. The action moves quickly. Intransitive verb (no object)

11. Linking Verbs and Complements The word that a linking verb connects its subject to is called a subject complement. The subject complement identifies or describes the subject. A movie is a complicated project. A movie must seem real. identifies describes Subject complement

12. Predicate Nouns A predicate noun is a noun that follows a linking verb and identifies, renames, or defines the subject. Star Wars is a science fiction film. Identifies SubjectPredicate Noun Verb

13. Predicate Adjectives A predicate adjective is an adjective that follows a linking verb and modifies the subject. Science fiction films are popular. modifies subjectPredicate adjective verb

14. Principal Parts of Verbs Every verb has four basic parts, called its principal parts: the present, the present participle, the past, and the past participle. These principal parts are used to make all of the forms and tenses of the verb. Present: Some people take risks on screen. Present Participle: Some people are doing dangerous things all the time. Past: Polly Berson performed stunts for 27 years. Past Participle: Most stunt people have trained for many years.

15. The Four Principal Parts of a Verb PresentPresent ParticiplePastPast Participle Jump(is) jumpingJumped(has) jumped Crash(is) crashingCrashed(has) crashed Notice that helping verbs are used with the present participles and the past participles.

16. Regular Verbs There are two kinds of verbs; regular and irregular. A regular verb is a verb whose past and past participle are formed by adding –ed or –d to the present. The present participle is formed by adding –ing to the present. PresentPresent ParticiplePastPast Participle Look(is) look + -ingLook + -ed(has) look + -ed

17. Simple Tenses A tense is a verb form that shows the time of an action or condition. Verbs have three simple tenses: the present, the past, and the future.

18. Present Tense The present tense shows that an action or condition occurs now. The water rushes swiftly by the raft.

19. Past Tense The past tense shows that an action or condition was completed in the past. The raft passed the point of no return earlier.

20. Future Tense The future tense shows that an action or condition will occur in the future. Soon someone will fall into the water.

21. Progressive Form A progressive form of a tense expresses an action or condition in progress. The progressive form of the three simple tenses are used to sow that actions or conditions are, were, or will be in progress. Present Progressive: People on shore are calling for help. Past Progressive: They were fishing before. Future Progressive: They will be watching for the rescue boat.

22. Forming Simple Tenses The present tense of a verb is the present principal part. The past tense is the past principal part. To form the future tense, add will to the present principal part. SingularPlural Present (present participle part) I direct You direct He, she, it directs We direct You direct They direct Past (past participle part)I directed You directed He, she, it directed We directed You directed They directed Future (will + present principle part) I will direct You will direct He, she, it will direct We will direct You will direct They will direct

23. Present Perfect Tense The present perfect tense places an action or condition in a stretch of time leading up to the present. The scientist had created a monster. (The scientist created the monster at some unspecified time before the present.)

24. Past Perfect Tense The past perfect tense places a past action or condition before another past action or condition. When the scientist had tinkered with him, the monster awakened. (The tinkering occurred before the awakening.)

25. Future Perfect Tense The future perfect tense places a future action or condition before another future action or condition. The monster will have escaped before the scientist notices. (The escaping will occur before the scientist’s noticing.)

26. Forming Perfect Tenses To form the present perfect, past perfect, or future perfect tense of verbs, add the present, past, or future form of have to the past participle. SingularPlural Present perfect (has or have + past participle) I have screamed You have screamed He, she, it has screamed We have screamed You have screamed They have screamed Past perfect (had + past participle) I had screamed You had screamed He, she, it had screamed We had screamed You had screamed They had screamed Future perfect (will + have + past participle) I will have screamed You will have screamed He, she, it will have screamed We will have screamed You will have screamed They will have screamed

27. Troublesome Verb Pairs Some pairs of verbs seem similar but are actually different words with different meanings. Troublesome verb pairs include lie and lay, sit and set, rise and raise, and may and can.

28. Lie and Lay Lie means “to rest in a flat position.” It does not take an object. The tigers lie at the trainer’s feet. Lay means “to put or place.” It does take and object. The trainer lays the tiger treats on a tray.

29. Sit and Set Sit means “to be seated.” It does not take an object. My cat, Luna, sits on the couch. Set means “to put or place.” It does take an object. I set the flea powder down somewhere.

30. Rise and Raise Rise means “to move upward” or “to get out of bed.” It does not take an object. The sun rises every morning. Raise means “to lift” or “to care for or bring up.” It does take an object. King Kong raises a car easily.

31. May and Can May means “to be allowed to” or “to be likely to.” May I pet your dog? Can means “to be able to.” Can he do any tricks?