1. REMEMBERING 2O10’S FLOODS Heavy rainfall sets records and causes flooding disasters around the world Walter Hays, Global Alliance for Disaster Reduction, University of North Carolina, USA

2. 2010 A YEAR OF “RECORD AND NEAR-RECORD” NATURAL DISASTERS

3. FLOOD HAZARDS (AKA POTENTIAL DISASTER AGENTS ) TOO MUCH WATER DISCHARGED WITHIN THE REGIONAL DRAINAGE SYSTEM TO BE ACCOMMODATED IN THE NORMAL WATER CYCLE EROSION SCOUR MUDFLOWS

4. LOSS OF FUNCTION OF STRUCTURES IN FLOODPLAIN FLOODS INUNDATION INTERACTION WITH HAZARDOUS MATERIALS STRUCTURAL/CONTENTS DAMAGE FROM WATER WATER BORNE DISEASES (HEALTH PROBLEMS) EROSION AND MUDFLOWS CONTAMINATION OF GROUND WATER CAUSES OF RISK CASE HISTORIES

5. COMMUNITYCOMMUNITY DATA BASES AND INFORMATION HAZARDS: GROUND SHAKING GROUND FAILURE SURFACE FAULTING TECTONIC DEFORMATION TSUNAMI RUN UP AFTERSHOCKS HAZARD MAPS INVENTORY VULNERABILITY LOCATION RISK ASSESSMENT RISK ACCEPTABLE RISK UNACCEPTABLE RISK FLOOD DISASTER RISK REDUCTION PREVENTION/MITIGATION PREPAREDNESS EMERGENCY RESPONSE RECOVERY and RECONSTRUCTION POLICY OPTIONS

6. 2010’S “FLOOD LABORATORIES” PORTUGAL (MADEIRA) RUSSIA (SIBERIA, KAZAKHSTAN) USA (NORTH DAKOTA, MINNESOTA, TENNESSEE, CALIFORNIA, …) PORTUGAL (MADEIRA) RUSSIA (SIBERIA, KAZAKHSTAN) USA (NORTH DAKOTA, MINNESOTA, TENNESSEE, CALIFORNIA, …)

7. 2010’S “FLOOD LABORATORIES” BRAZIL POLAND, HUNGARY, GERMANY, CZECH REPUBLIC, … CHINA—NORTH KOREA PAKISTAN NEW SOUTH WALES (AUSTRALIA) BRAZIL POLAND, HUNGARY, GERMANY, CZECH REPUBLIC, … CHINA—NORTH KOREA PAKISTAN NEW SOUTH WALES (AUSTRALIA)

8. IMPACTED NATIONS … Madeira (Portugal), Russia, USA (North Dakota, Minnesota, Tennessee), Brazil, Poland, Hungary, Germany, Czech Republic, China, Pakistan, North Korea, New South Wales, Australia, California, …

9. SOCIETAL IMPACTS DURING 2010 Millions evacuated. Millions of homes inundated, left without power, damaged or destroyed. Landslides (Rock falls, Mudflows) triggered by heavy, prolonged rainfall. Lives and livelihoods of millions adversely affected. Millions at risk from water-borne diseases

10. SOCIETAL IMPACTS DURING 2010 (Continued) Homes and Infrastructure damaged or destroyed. Health care needs related to water- borne diseases increase sharply. $Tens of billions in insured and uninsured economic losses. Thousands killed in flood-related disasters

11. FLASH FLOODS TRIGGER MUDSLIDES IN THE MADEIRA ISLANDS, PORTUGAL AT LEAST 42 DEAD FEBRUARY 20-21, 2010

12. LOCATION OF MADEIRA

13. WHAT HAPPENED? The worst storm to hit Madeira since 1993 lashed the south of the Atlantic Ocean island, including the capital, Funchal, Saturday, turning some streets into torrents of mud, water and debris.

14. WHAT HAPPENED (continued) The flash floods were so powerful they carved paths down mountains and ripped through the city, churning under some bridges and tearing others down.

15. FEBRUARY 21: FLASH FLOOD

16. FEBRUARY 21

17. FLOODS IN RUSSIA SPRING RUNOFF AFTER A HARSH WINTER INCREASES FLOOD RISKS ACROSS RUSSIA MARCH 2010

18. LOCATION MAP SHOWING THE THREE GREAT SIBERIAN RIVERS

19. The Ob River, the country's fourth longest river and the longest estuary in the world, is a major river in western Siberia.

20. The Yenisei River, which drains a large portion of central Siberia, is the greatest river system flowing northward to the Arctic Ocean.

21. The Lena River is the easternmost of the three great Siberian rivers that flow into the Arctic Ocean (the other two being the Ob River and the Yenisei river) is the 10 th longest river in the world.

22. Weather reports warned of "catastrophic" flooding in Siberia, where river ice was up to several meters thick, and rivers flowing northward routinely surge with melting water.

23. FLOODING IN SIBERIA

24. FLOODING IN KAZAKHSTAN

25. NORTH DAKOTA-MINNESOTA EXPERIENCE A NEAR- RECORD FLOOD DISASTER AGAIN 2009’S RECORD FLOOD STAGE APPROACHED, BUT UNBROKEN MARCH 15 - 30, 2010

26. REASONS FOR FLOODING THE ANNUAL FLOODING THREAT TO FARGO, ND AND MOORHEAD, MN IS TRIGGERED BY:  1) The Spring melt and runoff, AFTER  2) A severe Winter.

27. 1.Synchrony of river discharge with Spring runoff 2.Ice jams

28. 3.Lake Agassiz, a glacial lake, is the floodplain of the Red River 4.A sharp decrease in river gradient makes the Fargo- Moorhead area act like a large lake.

29. 2010: RAPID MELT AND RUNOFF

30. THE “SPIDER” WAS USED TO MAKE 5,000 SANDBAGS PER HOUR

31. HALSTAD, MN: 4 FT BELOW 2009’S RECORD OF 40.5 FT

32. FARGO, ND: THE RED RIVER CRESTS 4 FT BELOW RECORD ON MARCH 21

33. REGIONAL GOVERNMENTS PLAN A 10-YEAR, $1.3 BILLION FLOOD CONTROL PROJECT A 60 KM (36-MILE) – LONG NEW RIVER CHANNEL IS EXPECTED TO SOLVE THE RECURRING THREAT

34. FLOODS AND MUDSLIDES PARALYZE BRAZIL WORST IN 50 YEARS APRIL 7, 2010

35. RIO DE JANEIRO: WIDE SPREAD INUNDATION

36. 10,000 homes, mostly in the slums where one-fifth of Rio's people live in shacks that are vulnerable to heavy rains, were also severely impacted by mudslides

37. RECORD FLOODING IN NASHVILLE, TN AREA MAY 1-4, 2010

38. Flooding after 2 days of intense rain left the city of Nashville and the surrounding area with a record 33 cm (13 in) of water in two days.

39. The Cumberland River crested Monday afternoon, May 3 rd, at 3 ½ m above flood stage.

40. The flash floods caught the city off- guard, and thousands of residents and tourists were forced to flee homes and hotels as the Cumberland river rapidly spilled over its banks

41. CUMBERLAND RIVER FLOODS INDUSTRIAL PARK

42. INTERSTATE HIGHWAY I-24 FLOODED

43. TEMPORARY SCHOOL BUILDING FLOATS DOWN I-24

44. FAILURE OF RAILROAD BRIDGE

45. FLOODING AT OPRYLAND HOTEL

46. EVACUATION FROM OPRYLAND RESORT HOTEL

47. The Impacts: 150 roads impassable Opryland and other hotels evacuated Business interruption Schools and universities closed Fuel shortages Water shortages Over $1 billion economic loss.

48. RIVERS BURST BANKS AND BREACH DAMS IN CENTRAL EUROPE AFTER WEEKS OF RAIN POLAND, HUNGARY, GERMANY, CZECH REPUBLIC, … MAY – JUNE, 2010

49. The heaviest rains in over a decade forced thousands along rain swollen rivers in Poland, Germany, and Hungary to evacuate from their homes, breached dikes and sand bag dams, and caused damage to homes, and infrastructure estimated at over $2.5 billion.

50. POLAND

51. POLAND AND VISTULA RIVER

52. VISTULA RIVER

53. INUNDATED VILLAGE

54. DIKE BREACHED NEAR VILLAGE OF SWINIARY

55. ODER RIVER: GERMANY

56. DANUBE RIVER: SOUTHERN GERMANY; JUNE 3

57. MASS EVACUATION

58. SAVING A HORSE

59. SAVING CATTLE: MAY 17

60. RAIN AND FLOODING FROM A SERIES OF STORMS TESTS CHINA’S THREE GORGES DAM AGAIN TEST 1: JUNE - JULY 2007 TEST 2: APRIL - JULY 2010

61. IMPACTS OF 2010’S FLOODS IN CHINA More than 1,400 people are believed to have been killed this year in unusually severe flooding in central and southern China.

62. IMPACTS OF 2010’S FLOODS IN CHINA An estimated 1.4 million homes were destroyed, 12 million people evacuated, and 87,600 sq km (22 million acres) of crops ruined.

63. CHINA’S GRANDEST PROJECT SINCE THE GREAT WALL

64. THREE GORGES DAM The Three Gorges Dam is located in Central China's Hubei Province, 600 miles southwest of Beijing. It replaced Brazil's Itaipu Dam as the world's largest hydroelectric and flood-control installation. After 13 years of work and 35 million cubic yards of concrete, the dam reached its full height of 190 m (606 ft) and width of 2,309 m (7,575 ft) across the Yangtze River on May 19, 2006.

65. 2010 The floods hit 13 provinces, including Guangdong, Sichuan and Zhejiang, damaging more than 140,000 homes and affecting more than 10 million people.

66. SWOLLEN RIVERS IN 2010 Virtually all of the major rivers were swollen, while water levels in lakes along the mighty Yangtze River were higher than in 1998, when catastrophic flooding killed about 4,000 people.

67. YANGTZE RIVER FLOODS: JUNE 10

68. THREE GORGES DAM HAS PASSED TWO TESTS

69. NORTHWEST PAKISTAN (AND AFGHANISTAN) HIT BY FLASH FLOODS AFTER PROLONGED MONSOON RAINS JULY 28-AUGUST 22, 2010 [NOTE: Aug 12 th is first day of Ramadan]

70. ONE-FIFTH OF PAKISTAN AFFECTED

71. 2010’s Summer floods from monsoon rains were typical and expected, but they were the worst in 80 years and set new records.

72. Monsoon rains swelled rivers and streams across Pakistan and set flooding records in the province of KhyberPakhtunkhwa, parts of the Pakistan-administered Kashmir region, and the eastern province of Punjab.

73. The United Nations announced Saturday, July 31, that they would provide $10 million dollars for immediate emergency assistance and would appeal for 460 million in international emergency assistance for food, water, health care, and shelter.

74. The USA provided $60 million for immediate emergency assistance along with Navy and Marine helicopters, rescue boats, water filtration units, prefabricated steel bridges and thousands of packaged meals, which Pakistani soldiers tossed from helicopters

75. LOSS OF INFRASTRUCTURE: HINDERED EVACUATION & EMERGENCY ASSISTANCE

76. The survival of some of the poorest of the poor living in the districts of Nowshera, Charsadda, Peshawar, Swat, and Lower Dir became problematic because of the extent and catastrophic nature of the floods.

77. Over 1,500 died (and probably many more) and more than 20 million were impacted as rains swelled rivers, inundated villages, and triggered landslides, causing entire villages, roads, and bridges to be swept away, isolating thousands, and leaving 6 million homeless.

78. DERA ISMAIL KHAN: INUNDATED

79. THOUSANDS OF MUD BRICK HOMES COLLAPSED

80. SOME LIVESTOCK WAS SAVED, BUT THOUSANDS DROWNED

81. EVACUATION: CARRYING SELECTED POSSESSIONS

82. The people complained that their government was not meeting the urgent needs for adequate temporary shelters, toilets, and clean drinking water in order to avert a public health catastrophe.

83. PROTESTERS: NOWSHERA

84. TEMPORARY SHELTER

85. 30,000 Pakistani troops used helicopters and other means to rescue 28,000 people and to distribute water and food.

86. NOWSHERA: PAKISTANI ARMY DISTRIBUTING WATER

87. FOOD LINE IN PUNJAB PROVINCE: AUGUST 20

88. FLOODS STRIKE COMMUNITIES NEAR CHINA- NORTH KOREA BORDER AUGUST 20-22, 2010

89. Flooding forced the evacuation of 94,000 people in the north China port city of Dandong, an area near the boundary with North Korea, after heavy rains caused China’s Yalu River to breach its banks.

90. Near Sinuiju, the North Korean city opposite Dandong, flooding swamped houses, public buildings and farmland in more than five villages.

91. SINUIJU, NORTH KOREA: INUNDATION BY ANNOK (YALU ) RIVER

92. FLOODS END YEARS OF DROUGHT IN NEW SOUTH WALES, AUSTRALIA DECEMBER 10-20, 2010

93. 45 FLOOD DISASTER ZONES

94. THE GREAT WINTER SOLSTICE STORM OF 2010 RAIN FALLING FROM SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA TO BAKERSFIELD December 19-21, 2010

95. The Great Winter Solstice Storm of 2010 was one for the record books, a once in a hundred years event, marked by the most rainfall ever to fall in the month of December and the 4th heaviest daily rainfall (on Sunday) of all time.

96. PACIFIC STORMS CAUSED HEAVY RAIN FALL, FLOODING, ROCKFALLS, AND MUD FLOWS IN CALIFORNIA, NEVADA, AND UTAH

97. WINTER ARRIVED AT 3:38 PM ON TUESDAY, DEC. 21 Historic rainfall brought much of California into a state of emergency with widespread flooding and mud flows that impacted many people just before Christmas.

98. A LUNAR ECLIPSE COINCIDENT WITH SOLSTICE: 1 ST SINCE 1638

99. SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA DRENCHED WITH UP TO 20 CM Los Angeles received one- fourth of its annual rainfall (nearly 10 cm (4 in )) in 3 days.

100. WINTER STORM HITS CA: DEC 20, 2010

101. ROCKSLIDE A rockslide triggered by the prolonged heavy rainfall closed the Pacific Coast Highway in both directions at the Ventura-L.A. county line.

102. 1 m (3 ft) OF WATER IN KERN CITY, CA: DEC 20, 2010

103. FLOODING CREATES CHAOS: DEC 20, 2010

104. From Friday (17 th ) through midday on Monday (20 th ), Bakersfield was drenched with 3.79 in. of rain, which is 5 times the normal amount for an entire December and 58% of a normal year’s rainfall.

105. San Bernardino County, an inland region of Southern California east of Los Angeles was among the hardest-hit areas, with losses expected to exceed $10 million.

106. The flooding, mudslides, falling rocks, crested creeks and downed trees created havoc in the Bakersfield area and led to the declaration of a local emergency.

107. In Highland. CA. people returned to their homes after evacuation to find their homes inundated with 2 m (several feet) of mud.

108. MUDSLIDES IN HIGHLAND, CA: DEC 24, 2010

109. DECEMBER 29: A new winter storm packing powerful winds, heavy rain and snow moved into California, bringing a renewed threat of flooding and mud flows to areas that are already saturated.