0. ECE 333 Renewable Energy Systems
Lecture 1:Introduction
Prof. Tom Overbye
Dept. of Electrical and Computer Engineering
University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign

1. ECE 333 Teaching Staff Professor Tom Overbye TA Shamina Hossain
Office hours are as given in the syllabus
Hourly exams will be in-class; final exam is as per the university schedule

2. About Prof. Tom Overbye Professional
Received BSEE, MSEE, and Ph.D. all from University of Wisconsin at Madison (83, 88, 91)
Worked for eight years as engineer for an electric utility (Madison Gas & Electric)
Have been at UI since 1991, doing teaching and doing research in the area of electric power systems; fifth time teaching ECE 333
Developed commercial power system analysis package, known now as PowerWorld Simulator.
DOE investigator for 8/14/2003 blackout
Elected to National Academy of Engineering in 2013

3. About Prof. Tom Overbye Nonprofessional Married to Jo
Have three children
Tim age 20
Hannah age 17
Amanda age 15
Live in country by Homer on the Salt Fork River
We’ve homeschooled our kids all the way through, with Tim now starting his fourth semester at UIUC in mechanical eng.

4. My Kids

5. About Shamina Professional: Undergrad: Washington State University
Yellowstone visit during roadtrip to WA
B.S.E.E. ‘12
Professional:
Undergrad: Washington State University
Grad: UIUC (started Fall 2012)
Working on power systems research with Prof. Overbye
Non-professional:
Loves cooking and all things food
Hobbies include reading, running, and…researching (had to go with the ‘r’ theme!)
Drove from IL to WA last summer and back
Engaged and getting married this summer!
M.S.E.E. ‘14
Fiancé
Food
IL Half Marathon!
Currently reading

6. Green Electric Energy Systems
Focus of course is on electric energy sources that are sustainable (won’t diminish over time) excluding large-scale hydro
Course is primarily about the electric aspects of the sources
These resources may be large-scale or may be distributed
Courses does not cover nuclear
Course does not cover biological resources (at least not in-depth)
Course is technical, but given the focus we’ll certainly be covering the ethical, policy and current events as well.
Course prerequisite is ECE 205 or ECE 210

7. With Energy, What Do We Want?
To feel green?
To use less energy?
To have a higher standard of living?
To decrease our carbon dioxide emissions now? In the future?
To have more renewable energy?
To have less expensive energy?
To have jobs?
To have it “Not in My Backyard (NIMBY)”

8. Engineers Have Long Been “Green”
With lighting over the last 150 years we’ve increased efficiencies by about a factor of From 0.05 lumens/watt for a candle, to 15 for an incandescent bulb, to > 130 for an LED.
Source:

9. ECE 333 Syllabus Introduction, fundamentals of electric power
Electric Power Grid, Conventional Generation
Wind Power Systems
Wind/Grid Integration, Introduction to Power Flow
The Solar Resource
Photovoltaic Materials and Systems
Smart Grid Integration Issues
Distributed Generation Technologies (e.g., fuel cells)
Economics of Distributed Resources
Energy Storage including Electric/Hybrid Cars

10. Notation - Power Power: Instantaneous consumption of energy
Power Units
Watts = voltage x current for dc (W)
kW – 1 x 103 Watt
MW – 1 x 106 Watt
GW – 1 x 109 Watt
Installed U.S. generation capacity is about GW ( about 3 kW per person)
Maximum load of Champaign/Urbana about 300 MW

11. Notation - Energy
Energy: Integration of power over time; energy is what people really want from a power system
Energy Units
Joule = 1 Watt-second (J)
kWh = Kilowatthour (3.6 x 106 J)
Btu = 1055 J; 1 MBtu=0.292 MWh; 1MWh=3.4MBtu
One gallon of gas has about MBtu (36.5 kWh); one gallon ethanol as about Mbtu (2/3 that of gas)
U.S. electric energy consumption is about 3600 billion kWh (about 13,333 kWh per person)

12. North America Interconnections

13. Electric Systems in Energy Context
Class focuses on renewable electric systems, but we first need to put them in the context of the total energy delivery system
Electricity is used primarily as a means for energy transportation
Use other sources of energy to create it, and it is usually converted into another form of energy when used
Concerns about need to reduce CO2 emissions and fossil fuel depletion are becoming main drivers for change in world energy infrastructure

14. Looking at the 2013 Energy Pie: Where the USA Got Its Energy
About 82% Fossil Fuels
About 40% of our energy is consumed in the form of electricity, a percentage that is gradually increasing. The vast majority on the non- fossil fuel energy is electric!
In 2013 we got about 1.6% of our energy from wind and 0.3% from solar (PV and solar thermal), 0.2% from geothermal
1 Quad = 293 billion kWh (actual), 1 Quad = 98 billion kWh (used, taking into account efficiency)
Source: EIA Monthly Energy Review, December 2014

15. Historical and Projected US Energy Consumption
Energy in
Quads
Source: EIA Monthly Energy Review, December 2014

16. Renewable Energy Consumption
2013 Data (Quad) Total: 9.3
Hydro: 2.6
Wood: 2.1 Bio: 2.0 Wind: 1.6 Waste: 0.5
Solar: 0.3 Geo: 0.2
Source: EIA Monthly Energy Review, December 2014

17. Growth in US Wind Power Capacity
The quick development time for wind of 6 months to a year means that changes in federal tax incentives can have an almost immediate impact on construction
Source: AWEA Wind Power Outlook 3 Qtr, 2014

18. The World
Source: Steve Chu and Arun Majumdar, “Opportunities and challenges for a sustainable energy future,” Nature, August 2012

19. The World: Top Energy Users (in Quad), 2013 Data
China – 110.6
USA – 95.0
Europe – 81.4
Russia – 31.5
India – 23.9
Japan – 20.3
Africa – 17.3
Canada – 13.3
Brazil – 12.0
World total was about 529 Quad in 2012; Average per 100 Million people is about 7. If world used US average total consumption would be about 2150 quad!
Source: US DOE EIA

20. Per Capita Energy Consumption in MBtu per Year (2011 data)
Iceland: Norway: 386.8
Kuwait: Canada: 393.7
USA: Australia: 276.9
Russia: France: 165.9
Japan: Germany: 165.4
UK: S. Africa: 115.3
China: Brazil:
Indonesia: India:
Pakistan: Nigeria:
Malawi: Chad:
Source

21. World Population Trends
Country %
Japan
Germany
Indonesia
USA
China
India
World
Source: values in millions; percent change from 2005 to 2025

22. USA Energy-Related CO2 Emissions are Down to mid 1990’s levels
Part of the reason for the decrease is due to low natural gas prices, which has caused greatly increased natural gas generation and less coal generation.
Source: US DOE EIA, US Energy-Related Carbon Dioxide Emissions, 2013

23. Worldwide CO2 Emissions
Worldwide CO2 emissions continue to climb, from 23,700 billion metric tons in 2000 to 32,700 in 2012
Country comparisons between 2000 and 2010 (billion metric tons)
Country
2000
2012
USA
5861
5270
China
2850
8547
India
1002
1831
Russia
1499
1781
Japan
1201
1259
Europe
4459
4263

24. Global Warming: What is Known is CO2 in Air is Rising
Value was about
280 ppm in 1800,
399 in 2014
Rate of increase is about 2 ppm per year
Source:

25. As is Worldwide Temperature (at Least Over Last 150 Years
Baseline is 1961 to 1990 mean; value for first 11 months of 2014 is about (about tied for highest)
Source:

26. Local conditions don’t necessarily say much about the global climate

27. Annual Temperatures for Illinois
Source :

28. But more controversy associated with longer temperature trends
Estimated surface temperature in Sargasso Sea (located in North Atlantic)
Europe was clearly
warmer in 1000AD; worldwide temperatures are more debated
Source: Robsinson, Robsinson, Soon, “Environmental Effects of Increased Atmospheric Carbon Dioxide”, 2007

29. Going Back a Few More Years

30. And a Few More – Mostly Very Cold!

31. Millions and Tens of Millions

32. And Where Might Temps Go?
Note that the models show rate of increase values of between 0.2 to 0.5 C per decade. The rate from 1975 to 2005 was about 0.2 C per decade.

33. Energy Economics
Electric generating technologies involve a tradeoff between fixed costs (costs to build them) and operating costs
Nuclear and solar high fixed costs, but low operating costs (though cost of solar has decreased substantially recently)
Natural gas/oil have low fixed costs but can have higher operating costs (dependent upon fuel prices)
Coal, wind, hydro are in between
Also the units capacity factor is important to determining ultimate cost of electricity