1. Intelligence

2. Intelligence Exactly what makes up intelligence is a matter of debate
David Wechsler’s Definition
Act purposefully
Think rationally
Deal effectively with the environment

3. Theories of Intelligence

4. Early Theories of Intelligence
Charles Spearman
Believed intelligence is general
People who are bright in one area are usually bright in other areas as well
L. L. Thurstone
Believed that intelligence is made up of seven distinct, independent abilities
Spatial ability, perceptual speed, numerical ability, verbal meaning, memory, word fluency, and reasoning

5. Early Theories of Intelligence
R. B. Cattell
Identified two clusters of mental abilities
Crystallized intelligence includes abilities such as reasoning and verbal skills
Fluid intelligence includes skills such as spatial and visual imagery, rote memory, and the ability to notice visual details
While education can increase crystallized intelligence, it was not thought to have any effect on fluid intelligence

6. Contemporary Theories of Intelligence
Robert Sternberg
Triarchic theory of intelligence posits three types of intelligence (prototype of 3 grad school applicants)
Analytical intelligence includes the ability to learn how to do things, solve problems, and acquire new knowledge (Alice)
Creative intelligence includes the ability adjust to new tasks, use new concepts, and respond well in new situations (Barbara)
Practical intelligence includes the ability to select contexts in which you can excel and solve practical problems (Celia)

7. Contemporary Theories of Intelligence
Howard Gardner’s theory of multiple intelligences
Logical-mathematical
Linguistic
Spatial
Musical
Bodily-kinesthetic
Interpersonal
Intrapersonal
Naturalistic

8. Contemporary Theories of Intelligence
Daniel Goleman
Proposed theory of emotional Intelligence
Emotional intelligence has five components
Knowing one’s own emotions
Managing one’s own emotions
Using emotions to motivate oneself
Recognizing the emotions of other people
Managing relationships

9. Comparing Contemporary Theories
Gardner’s Multiple Intelligences
Sternberg’s Triarchic Intelligences
Goleman’s Emotional Intelligence
Logical-Mathematical
Linguistic
Analytical
Spatial
Musical
Body-Kinesthetic
Creative
Interpersonal
Practical
Recognizing emotions in others and managing relationships
Intrapersonal
Knowing, managing, and motivating yourself with emotions

10. Intelligence Tests
Binet-Simon scale
First test of intelligence, developed to identify children who might have difficulty in school
Binet developed the concept of mental age in children
Mental Age = age at which you perform intellectually - may or may not correspond with chronological age
Stanford-Binet scale
L. M. Terman’s adaptation of the Binet-Simon scale
Terman introduced the I.Q. score

11. Intelligence Tests
Stanford-Binet measures four kinds of mental abilities
Verbal reasoning
Abstract/visual reasoning
Quantitative reasoning
Short-term memory

12. Intelligence Tests The Wechsler Intelligence Scales
The Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale – Third Edition is the most commonly used test of intelligence for adults
WAIS-III is divided into to parts, one that focuses on verbal abilities and one that focuses on performance skills
Also a version for children, Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children – Third Edition

13. Intelligence Tests
Group Tests
Intelligence tests that can be given to large groups
Advantages
Quick scoring
No examiner bias
Easier to establish norms
Disadvantages
Less likely to detect someone who is ill or confused
Might make people nervous
Learning disabled children often perform worse

14. Intelligence Tests Tests that minimize the use of language
Performance tests
Tests that minimize the use of language
Used to test very young children or people with retardation
Also can be used to test those unfamiliar with English
Culture-fair tests
Tests designed to reduce cultural bias
Minimize skills and values that vary from one culture to another

15. What Makes a Good Test? Reliability Validity
Ability of a test to provide consistent and stable scores
Validity
Ability of a test to measure what it was designed to measure

16. What Makes a Good Test?
Standardization uniform rules for administering, taking and scoring the test.
Norms – performance benchmarks established during test development used to establish “average” performance.
Representative Sample – group used to establish norms that adequately reflects the demographics of those who will be taking the test.

17. Scoring the IQ Test Raw Score - Standard Score -
number of questions answered correctly; doesn’t tell much about performance
Standard Score -
score that tells you how you did compared to other test takers – a much better read of performance
Percentile Score -
what percentage of test takers you scored better than
What does it mean to score in the 85th percentile?
You scored better than 85% of the test takers
IQ = Mental Age/Chronological Age x 100
Most common IQ score?
100! Why?

18. The “Normal” (Bell) Curve: Approximate Distribution of IQ Scores in the Population

19. Criticisms of IQ Tests Test content and scores
Critics argue that IQ test measure a narrow set of skills
Some feel that the tests merely measure test taking ability
Tests may discriminate against minorities
Use of intelligence tests
Could result in permanent labeling
IQ and success
Relationship does exist, but may be the result of a self-fulfilling prophecy
Cases of Alicia P. and Gladys Burr?

20. What Determines Intelligence?
Nature
Biological similarities in Adoption Studies –
IQ scores of child more closely correlated with biological mother than adoptive mother.
Identical Twins reared apart –
after identical twins reared together, identical twins reared apart have the highest correlation of IQ scores.

21. Correlation of IQ Scores of Family Members

22. What Determines Intelligence?
Nurture
Isolated or Deprived Environments
individuals living in culturally or physically impoverished environments have lower IQ scores
Adoption Studies and Improved Environment
children demonstrated elevated IQ scores after being moved from crowded orphanage to parents with high socioeconomic status

23. What Determines Intelligence?
Family Structure?
Intellectual Climate – numerical calculation of the level of intellect in a household, based on the number of family members and their ages.
Example Calculation – adults = 30, teens = 15, children = 5, and newborns = 0:
2 adults:
30+30=60/2=intellectual climate of 30
2 adults and a newborn:
=60/3=intellectual climate of 20
Intellectual climate goes down most when there are many children born in rapid succession.

24. Heredity vs. Environment: Which is More Important?
There is general agreement that both heredity and environment affect IQ scores
Debate centers around the relative contribution of nature (heredity) and nurture (environment) to the development of intelligence

25. Determinants of Intelligence: Gender
Early Research (1970s)
males excel at math/spatial skill while females excel at verbal
Hyde and Linn’s Meta-analysis (1988)
intellectual differences between males and females are so small that they are not statistically significant.
Today’s Conclusions
Overall, men and women do not differ significantly in general intelligence
Women show slight advantage in verbal and mathematical computation skills while men show an advantage in spatial ability
Men are more likely to fall in the extremes of intelligence range
There is no explanation for why these minimal differences exist – are they cultural or inborn?

26. Determinants of Intelligence
Culture
Difference in academic performance between American and Asian students are found from first grade through high school in mathematics and reading
May be related to a difference in cultural attitudes toward ability and effort
Stability of Intelligence
IQ stays relatively steady over course of life

27. Extremes of Intelligence: Giftedness
Definition
top 3% of IQ scores, typically over 132,
Superior IQ combined with ability in academics, creativity, and leadership
Giftedness is often in specific areas
“Globally” gifted people are rare
Specialized Programs of Study?

28. Extremes of Intelligence: Mental Retardation
Definition
IQ < 70; lowest 3% of IQ scores
not a result of accident
onset before age 18
substantial limitations in functioning.
Causes – drug abuse during pregnancy, genetic disorders, lack of fetal nutrition
Levels
Mild - 90% of cases
Moderate - 6% of cases
Severe - 3% of cases
Profound - 1% of cases
Some people with retardation show savant performance on particular skills

29. Mental Retardation Level of Retardation IQ Range Mild Low 50s-70s
individual may be able to function in society normally, be minimally self supporting, function at level of an 11 year old.
Moderate
Mid 30s-low 50s
can attain vocational training and do some things independently; function at level of 8 year old.
Severe
Low 20s-mid 30s
cannot learn to talk or take care of basic needs until the age of 6. Very limited functioning.
Profound
Below 20 or 25
constant care needed; usually other serious complications and neurological deficiencies are present.

30. Education and the Law
All children are entitled to an education that is…
FREE
PUBLIC
APPROPRIATE
Mainstreaming
keeping special needs kids in regular ed classes for whatever subject areas/activities they can handle
Inclusion
rather than taking special needs kids out of regular ed classes for support, bring support personnel into regular ed classes so kids can stay with their peers.
Leveling
separating children by ability into different classes

31. Creativity
Defined as the ability to produce novel and socially valued ideas or objects
Creativity and Intelligence – Early studies suggested that there was little relationship between the two, however, later research indicates otherwise: creative individuals tend to have higher IQs AND creative individuals are perceived as being more intelligent as well.
Creativity Tests –
Open-ended questions; scoring is based upon the number and originality of a person’s answers
Torrance Test – Individuals explain a picture, its origins, and consequences
Mednick’s Remote Association Test (RAT) – given three words – you come up with a fourth word that the other three can be combined with e.g. hand, lone, win (answer = some)