1. Presented by Dr. Rahul Walawalkar VP, Emerging Tech & Markets, Customized Energy Solutions Executive Director, IESAVice Chair, GESA Energy Storage Technology Overview Presented at

2. Role of Energy Storage in Modern Indian Grid

3. Growth in Pumped Hydro Storage Source: DOE, Duke University Key Message: Over 180 GW of Pumped Hydro facilities are deployed around the globe. Development of PHS takes a long duration of around 10 to 15 years and due to stringent environmental regulations. Pumped Hydro Storage Total Installed Capacity, 1900-2020 Developed countries has tapped most of the suitable sites for conventional PHS projects. China likely to add most PHS capacity between 2015-2020. The Chinese government has identified 247 potential PHS sites with total capacities of 310 GW and expects to increase its PHS installation to 50 GW by 2020. Japan, US, Russia, Switzerland and India are other prominent nations in this spear. PHS provides an alternative to peaking power by storing cheap base-load electricity and releasing it during peak hours. Peak load management, black start are the major application of pumped hydro storage. PHS can also provide ancillary services.

4. Emerging Energy Storage Technologies Source: DOE Key Message: Both Thermal and Electro Chemical storage has been growing rapidly over past decade. Renewable integration, ancillary services, demand side management and growth of electric vehicles likely to drive energy storage markets in both developed and emerging nations.

5. Mapping Storage Technologies

6. Advanced Lead Acid Lead-Acid batteries consist of two electrodes: Lead and lead-dioxide immersed in sulfuric acid. Lead Acid Performance measure Cycle Life Energy Efficiency (%) Market leader120080 Best in class200085

7. Sodium based battery - NAS Sodium-sulfur (NaS) batteries use molten sodium and sulfur electrodes separated by a ceramic electrolyte Sodium Based Performance measure Cycle Life Energy Efficiency (%) Market leader400070 Best in class600085

8. Li-ion Battery Technology Li-ion battery uses graphite as the anode material and LiFePO 4 or LiCoO 2 or Lithium titanate or lithium nickel manganese cobaltate as the cathode. Li-Ion Batteries Performance measure Cycle Life Energy Efficiency (%) Market leader200090 Best in class10,000+95

9. Flow Battery Technology Flow batteries use liquid electrolytes with fixed cells to store and regenerate power. Various flow battery chemistries exist such as vanadium redox, zinc-bromine, iron - chromium etc. Flow Batteries Performance measure Cycle Life Energy Efficiency (%) Market leader500060 Best in class10,000+70

10. Typical System Configuration for Identified Applications Segments / ApplicationsSub SegmentsPower RatingDurationDOD Type of cycles No of cycles / Year Renewable Energy Integration Wind Smoothing 1 MW- 20 MW 15 min - 1 h<60%Shallow<18,000 Wind Firming 1 MW-20 MW4-6 h>80%Deep<500 Solar 3 KW-2 MW3-6 h>80%Deep<350 Load shifting or energy arbitrage Commercial 10 KW - 2 MW2-4 h>80%Mix<400 Industrial 500 KW - 5 MW2-4 h>80%Mix<400 Off grid applications Rural Microgrid (households) 1KW - 5 kW2-8 h>80%Mix<400 Rural Schools / Hospitals 1 KW - 10 kW2-8 h>80%Mix<400 Replacement of DG Telecom Towers 2 KW - 5 kW2-4 h>80%Mix<700 Commercial 10 KW - 2 MW2-4 h>80%Mix<400 Industrial 500 KW - 5 MW2-4 h>80%Mix<400 Transmission or Distribution Deferral Utilities 1-20 MW4-6 h>80%Mix<100 Frequency supportUtilities / IPP 1 MW- 20 MW 15 min – 1 h<60%Shallow<18,000 Reactive Power Management Utility / C&I3 KW - 10 MW 15 min – 1 h N.A. Please note that some applications require very high number of cycles but are very shallow discharges.

11. Energy Storage Landscape 2015

12. Energy Storage Performance Matrix ENERGY STORAGE performance metrics: Capital cost ($/kWh) Cycle life Roundtrip Energy Efficiency Space footprint C-rate (duration) Usable SOC range Lead Acid batteries are work horse for the industrial and residential backup and provide lower capital cost solutions. Li-Ion has emerged as the technology of choice for short duration applications & Flow batteries are vying for a position for longer duration applications.

13. Key Trends in Energy Storage 13

14. Cost reduction in per Cycle Capital Costs

15. US DOE Smart Grid- Energy Storage Demonstration Projects 2008 15 Major projects include: CAES demonstration (NY and CA), Renewable Integration (CA, TX, NM), Peak Shaving, Community Energy Storage and demonstration of new technologies. Visit www.energy.gov for additional details. Need innovation not only in developing technologies, but also in demonstrating the business cases and applications

16. Global Energy Storage Deployments

17. Conclusion  Energy storage technologies are rapidly gaining adoption for variety of grid applications in recent years.  Pumped Hydro, Thermal Storage and Lead Acid batteries have been used for grid support and back up applications for 100+ years  In recent years, Li-Ion batteries are gaining rapid adoption for short duration applications, and reduction is prices and improvements in performance is also enabling use for applications such as peak load management, renewable integration and diesel reduction.  Advanced Lead Acid and Flow batteries also have promise for significant improvements and enabling newer applications in next 3-5 years.  Regulatory intervention & Business Model innovation is expected to drive large scale adoption of energy storage in next 2-3 years. 17

18. Contact US 18 Customized Energy Solutions India Pvt. Ltd. A 501, GO Square Aundh - Hinjewadi Link Rd, Wakad Pune, Maharashtra 411057 India Phone: 91-20-32407682 info@ces-ltd.com Customized Energy Solutions India Pvt. Ltd. A 501, GO Square Aundh - Hinjewadi Link Rd, Wakad Pune, Maharashtra 411057 India Phone: 91-20-32407682 info@ces-ltd.com Customized Energy Solutions Ltd. 1528 Walnut Street, 22 nd Floor Philadelphia, PA 19102 USA Phone: +1-215-875-9440 Fax: +1-215-875-9490 info@ces-ltd.com Customized Energy Solutions Ltd. 1528 Walnut Street, 22 nd Floor Philadelphia, PA 19102 USA Phone: +1-215-875-9440 Fax: +1-215-875-9490 info@ces-ltd.com Dr. Rahul Walawalkar Executive Director, India Energy Storage Alliance rahul@ces-ltd.com US Cell: +1-516-639-5391 India Cell: +950-303-1765 Dr. Rahul Walawalkar Executive Director, India Energy Storage Alliance rahul@ces-ltd.com US Cell: +1-516-639-5391 India Cell: +950-303-1765