1. Antarctic Circumpolar Current
NADW
AABW

2. Circulation of Deep Waters in Southern Ocean
50ºS ACC ºS
Antarctic Circumpolar Current (ACC) flows eastward and extends from surface into the Deep Sea

3. N-S Cross Sections Atlantic Ocean3

4. Zonal (E-W) Cross Sections (at 7ºS) in Atlantic Ocean4

5. N-S Cross Sections in the Pacific Ocean5

6. Zonal (E-W) Cross Sections (30ºS) in Pacific Ocean6

7. North-South Cross Sections in Indian Ocean7

8. T and S in Atlantic versus Pacific Oceans

9. Nitrate Trends in Deep Sea Atlantic Ocean Southern Ocean Pacific Ocean
(umol/kg)

10. Oxygen Trends in Deep Sea Atlantic Ocean Southern Ocean Pacific Ocean
(umol/kg)

11. CFC History in the Atmosphere11

12. CFCs in the N. Atlantic Ocean
N-S Cross Section (1988)
E-W Cross Section at 10ºN (1993) 12

13. Theoretical Circulation for Deep Waters

14. CFC Ages of Water Parcels in Deep Atlantic
(~3000m)
Years

15. CFCs in Pacific Ocean

16. Aging Deep Water using Radiocarbon (14C)
12C = 99% 13C= 1% 14C = %
Radioactive Decay Equation
Nt = No * e-λt , where t = time and λ = 0.69/t½
t½ (half-life) = 5700 years for 14C
Nt/No = e-λt or ln (Nt/No) = - λt
Time (t) = yrs/0.69 * ln(Nt/No)

17. 14C Distribution in Deep Sea
1000
1000
2000
3000
4000
5000
6000
(per mil)

18. Interbasin Trends in 14C in Deep Sea

19. Ocean’s Uptake of Fossil-fuel Combustion CO2
Ocean adsorbs about one-third of the CO2 produced by fossil fuel combustion