1. San Francisco Chronicle: 1905 CRIME AND POVERTY GO HAND IN HAND WITH ASIATIC LABOR BROWN MEN ARE MADE CITIZENS ILLEGALLY JAPANESE MEN A MENACE TO AMERICAN WOMEN BROWN MEN AN EVIL IN THE PUBLIC SCHOOLS THE YELLOW PERIL—HOW JAPANESE CROWD OUT THE WHITE RACE BROWN PERIL ASSUMES NATIONAL PROPORTIONS

2. Japanese Farm Workers 1868: Meiji Restoration 1882: only 86 Japanese in CA 1890 quietly imported for sugar beet production Experienced farmers Ideal migratory laborers No opposition from any source

3. New crops: rice, cantaloupes, berries, reclamation of waste lands 1904 Japanese owned 2,442 acres and leased over 50,000 Gentleman’s Agreement of 1907 1913: Alien Land Law –1870 Naturalization Act limits American citizenship to "white persons and persons of African descent," barring Asians from U.S. citizenship. 1920: more stringent Alien Land Law

4. Story of dairy farmers Story of Dorothy

5. Punjabi Farm Workers Punjab province in India: many former military men 1910 arrive in IV for first commercial cotton crops Racism Male colonies Land owners 1915 Jawala Ram murdered in IV

6. 1925: Story of Pakhar Singh’s 50K lettuce crop Cheated by shippers Verbal agreements No longer had use of courts Murdered both shippers by shooting and with an axe Cultural values

7. KKK Second KKK: 1920s Urbanization, industrialization, immigration “100 percent Americanism” 1915: Leo Frank, Birth of a Nation Blacks in South 3-4 million members 1921 operating in 45 states Invested in political campaigns for local and state offices

8. Birth of a Nation Video (Clip 1 and Clip 6) two families in Civil War and Reconstruction-era AmericaCivil War Reconstruction first motion picture to be shown in White House

9. Birth of a Nation How is the KKK portrayed? –What are some reasons for this? How are black soldiers portrayed? Did any scenes stand out? What does this film say about racial views in the U.S. during the early twentieth century?

10. The 1920s increasingly urban Mexican population Segregation Poor living conditions Mexicans as racially inferior or culturally inferior

11. Slum-corrals built in 1913 in Texas and occupied continuously since then. Six outdoor flush type toilets and one shower are provided for the more than one hundred people.

12. Entire family groups move from Texas to Wyoming for work in the sugar beet fields. En route at San Angelo, Texas.

13. Ben Cortez, who had been in bed at home with tuberculosis for four months. 8,000 cases of tuberculosis in the county; there are only twenty beds in the county tuberculosis sanitarium, which is designed to supplement the state sanitarium—at which there is a long waiting list. Corpus Christi, Texas. (1949)

14. San Antonio, TX 1930s

15. San Antonio. Mexican neighborhood, 1930s

16. Health Issues High infant mortality Well baby clinics Racial inferiority blamed Racist stereotypes

17. Education The IQ test Tracking Segregation in schools Racism and education No-Spanish rule Vela v. Board of Trustees Capitalism and segregation

18. 1919: El Paso Laundry Strike Laundry Workers’ Union –Isabella and Manuela Hernandez American Federation of Labor –International Union of Mine, Mill, and Smelter Workers Dual wage system ($4-$6 per week) 200 women strike---total of 600 including sympathy strikers Surplus labor Union consciousness, community solidarity