1. Chapter 13 Key Terms 1 ClotEmbolism ErythrocytesHematopoiesis InfarctionHemoglobin LeukocytesLymphocytes MacrophageNeutrophils PhagocytosisPlaque PlasmaThrombosis LysozymeEosinophils

2. ANATOMY & PHYSIOLOGY CHAPTER 13: BLOOD 2

3. Composition  Formed elements  Erythrocytes: red blood cells  Leukocytes: white blood cells  Thrombocytes: platelets  Fluid part  Plasma  About 55% of blood 3

4. Functions  Transportation  Oxygen from lungs to cells on Erythrocytes  CO 2 from cells to lungs on Erythrocytes  Nutrients, ions, and water from digestive tract to cells  Waste products from cells to sweat glands and kidneys  Hormones from endocrine glands to target organs  Regulation  Body pH (blood pH is usually 7.35-7.45)  Body temperature  Clotting Mechanism  Protects against foreign microorganisms and toxins 4

5. Blood Cells  Erythrocytes (red blood cells ) – make up 95% of blood cells  Leukocytes (white blood cells)  Granular – have granules when stained  Neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils  Agranular – no granules  Monocytes, lymphocytes  Thrombocytes (platelets) 5

6. Plasma 6  Over 90% water  Albumin – maintains water balance between cells and blood  Globulins – antibodies and transport molecules  Fibrinogen – involved in clotting mechanism  Rest consists of solutes  Ions, nutrients, waste products, gases, enzymes, hormones

7. Hematopoiesis 7  Blood cell formation  Occurs in red bone marrow (myeloid tissue)  All blood cells begin as hematocytoblasts (stem cells) and differentiate into the different blood cells

8. Erythrocyte Anatomy 8  Red tint because of pigment  Biconcave  Contains no nucleus  Contains hemoglobin molecule  Do not divide  Last approximately 4 months  Oxygen rich = bright red  Oxygen deprived = dark red

9. Anemia  Decrease in erythrocytes or hemoglobin  Symptoms  Lack of energy  Shortness of breath  Pale skin 9

10. Leukocyte Anatomy  Have no color  Asymmetrical  Contain nuclei  Can leave blood and move into tissues  Clean up cellular debris and fight infections by phagocytosis 10

11. Neutrophil  Contain very fine granules  4 lobed nucleus  Secretes lysozyme  Most common leukocyte 11

12. Eosinophil  Coarse, red granules  2 lobed nucleus  Produce antihistamines to fight allergies  Produce other chemicals to fight parasites (hookworm, tapeworm) 12

13. Basophil  Dark granules  2 lobed nucleus  Active in allergic reactions  Release heparin – anticoagulant  Release histamine – inflammatory  Release serotonin – vasoconstrictor 13

14. Monocyte  Largest leukocyte  Large, irregular nucleus  Called macrophage when they leave the blood  Phagocytize large particles 14

15. Lymphocyte  Large, round nucleus  Involved in immune system  Become “memory cells”  Long life span 15

16. Platelets  Small pieces of a megakaryocyte  Responsible for starting the clotting mechanism  Prevent fluid loss from blood vessel 16

17. Clotting Mechanism  Step 1: platelets clump together are site of injury, damaged tissues release of thromboplastin  Produces prothrombin activator  Step 2: Prothrombin is converted to thrombin  Done by prothrombin activator in presence of calcium ions  Step 3: Fibrinogen is converted to fibrin  Fibrin forms long threads that act as a net  Blood cells and platelets get tangle in this net forming a clot 17

18. Clotting Mechanism  Step 4: Syneresis  Tightening of the clot to make the wound smaller  Serum = yellow fluid seen after clot forms (plasma)  Step 5: Mitotic Cell Division  To repair the damage to the blood vessel  Step 6: Fibrinolysis  Dissolution of the blood clot 18

19. Unwanted Clotting  Plaque is a build up of cholesterol on the walls of blood vessels  Thrombosis forms when platelets stick to plaque in unbroken blood vessel (clot is called thrombus)  If a piece of a blood clot becomes dislodged and travels, it is called an embolus (embolism when the embolus becomes lodged in a blood vessel)  Infarction is when tissues die because of lack of circulation 19

20. Blood Groups  Agglutination  Clumping of red blood cells  ABO Blood Group  Antigen A  Antigen B  Body develops antibodies against the antigen NOT present on your erythrocytes  Antibodies react with antigens of the same type 20

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22. Rh Factor  Named after the Rhesus monkeys  Presence of Antigen D produces Rh positive blood  Rh negative person does not produce Anti-Rh antibodies unless given a transfusion of Rh positive blood  Erythroblastosis fetalis  Rh negative mother carries Rh positive baby  Antibodies cross placenta and destroy baby’s RBCs 22

23. Blood donation  4 main methods  Whole Blood: pint of blood taken from veins  Platelets: apheresis machine separates platelets from blood  Plasma: apheresis machine separates plasma from blood  Double Red Cell: apheresis machine separates RBCs from blood  Type O and Rh negative donors are always needed! 23

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