1. Cardiology
The medical specialty that studies the anatomy and physiology of the cardiovascular system and uses diagnostic tests, medical and surgical procedures, and drugs to treat cardiovascular diseases. 1

2. Figure 5-1 Cardiovascular system2

3. The Cardiovascular System
A continuous, circular body system that includes the heart and the vascular structures (blood vessels such as arteries, capillaries, and veins)
Moves blood throughout the body and transports oxygen, carbon dioxide, nutrients, and wastes in the blood 3

4. Anatomy of the Cardiovascular System
Heart
A muscular organ that contracts at least once every second to pump blood through the body
Has an extensive electrical system that initiates and coordinates its contractions 4

5. Figure 5-2 Surface of the heart

6. Anatomy of the Cardiovascular System (cont’d)
Heart Chambers
The heart contains four chambers, two on the top and two on the bottom.
Each small upper chamber is an atrium.
Each large lower chamber is a ventricle.
The septum, a center wall, divides the heart into right and left halves.
The inferior tip of the heart is the apex. 6

7. Figure 5-3 Chambers and valves of the heart
Insert revised Figures 5-2 and 5-3 here.
Figure Chambers and valves of the heart 7

8. Anatomy of the Cardiovascular System (cont’d)
Four valves control the flow of blood through the heart:
Tricuspid
Pulmonary
Mitral
Aortic 8

9. Figure Aortic valve 9

10. Anatomy of the Cardiovascular System (cont’d)
Heart Muscle
Mycardium — composed of cardiac muscle
Responds to electrical impulses generated by a node within the heart itself
Contracts in a coordinated way to pump blood
Thickest on the left side of the heart 10

11. Table 5-1 Layers and Membranes of the Heart
Table is on page 6 of Ch. 5.
Table Layers and Membranes of the Heart 11

12. Figure 5-5 Layers and membranes of the heart12

13. Anatomy of the Cardiovascular System (cont’d)
Thoracic Cavity
Contains the lungs and the mediastinum, an irregularly shaped central area between the lungs 13

14. Anatomy of the Cardiovascular System (cont’d)
Mediastinum
Contains the heart and parts of the great vessels (aorta, superior vena cava, inferior vena cava pulmonary arteries and veins), as well as the thymus, trachea, and the esophagus 14

15. Figure Mediastinum 15

16. Anatomy of the Cardiovascular System (cont’d)
Blood Vessels
Vascular channels through which blood circulates in the body
Have a central opening or lumen through which the blood flows
Lined with endothelium, a smooth inner layer that promotes the flow of blood 16

17. Anatomy of the Cardiovascular System (cont’d)
There are three kinds of blood vessels in the body, each performing a different function:
Arteries
Capillaries
Veins 17

18. Anatomy of the Cardiovascular System (cont’d)
Arteries
Large blood vessels
Smaller branches of an artery are arterioles 18

19. Anatomy of the Cardiovascular System (cont’d)
All arteries share some important characteristics and functions:
They carry blood away from the heart to the body.
They carry bright red blood that has a high level of oxygen.
Most arteries lie deep beneath the skin.
All arteries have smooth muscle in their walls.
Exception: pulmonary arteries 19

20. Figure 5-7 Vasoconstriction and vasodilation20

21. Anatomy of the Cardiovascular System (cont’d)
Capillaries
Smallest blood vessels in the body
The lumen of a capillary is so small that blood cells must pass through in single file. 21

22. Anatomy of the Cardiovascular System (cont’d)
Veins
Capillaries combine to form small veins known as venules, which then combine to form the largest veins. 22

23. Anatomy of the Cardiovascular System (cont’d)
All veins share some important characteristics and functions:
They carry blood from the body back to the heart.
They carry dark red-purple blood with a low level of oxygen.
Exception: pulmonary arteries 23

24. Anatomy of the Cardiovascular System (cont’d)
All veins share some important characteristics and functions:
The largest veins have valves that keep the blood flowing in one direction―toward the heart.
Many veins are near the surface of the body and can be seen just under the skin as bluish, sometimes bulging lines. 24

25. Figure 5-8 Valves in a vein25

26. Anatomy of the Cardiovascular System (cont’d)
Aorta
Largest artery in the body
Receives blood from the left ventricle of the heart
Textbook page 9 goes into greater detail about the ascending aorta, aortic arch, and arterial branches. I just summarized in slide 37. 26

27. Figure 5-9 Arteries and veins around the heart27

28. Figure 5-10 Arteries in the body28

29. Anatomy of the Cardiovascular System (cont’d)
Arteries
Coronary artery
Carotid artery
Subclavian artery
Axillary artery (armpit)
Brachial artery (upper arm)
Radial artery (thumb side of the lower arm)
Ulnar artery (little finger side of the lower arm) 29

30. Anatomy of the Cardiovascular System (cont’d)
Thoracic Aorta and Arterial Branches
The thoracic aorta travels inferiorly through the thoracic cavity.
It branches into arteries that bring blood to the esophagus, muscles between the ribs, diaphragm, upper spinal cord, and the back. 30

31. Anatomy of the Cardiovascular System (cont’d)
Abdominal Aorta and Arterial Branches
Brings oxygenated blood to the stomach, liver, pancreas, spleen, gallbladder, small and large intestines, adrenal glands, kidneys, ovaries, testes, and the lower spinal cord
Abdominal aorta ends where right and left iliac arteries begin 31

32. Anatomy of the Cardiovascular System (cont’d)
Abdominal Aorta and Arterial Branches
Iliac artery
Femoral artery (upper leg)
Popliteal artery (near the knee joint)
Tibial artery (front and back of the lower leg)
Peroneal artery (little toe side of the lower leg) 32

33. Anatomy of the Cardiovascular System (cont’d)
Two major veins of the body
Superior vena cava
Inferior vena cava
Other major veins
Jugular vein
Portal vein
Saphenous and femoral veins 33

34. Anatomy of the Cardiovascular System (cont’d)
The Circulatory System
The cardiovascular system or circulatory system circulates blood through the blood vessels.
Systemic circulation includes the arteries, capillaries, and veins everywhere in the body, except in the lungs.
Pulmonary circulation includes the arteries, capillaries, and veins going to, within, and coming from the lungs. 34

35. Figure 5-11 Circulation of the blood35

36. Physiology of a Heartbeat
Heart contracts and relaxes in a regular rhythm coordinated by the conduction system
Actually, med terms kids make my heartbeat
Sinoatrial node (SA node), or pacemaker of the heart, initiates the electrical impulse that begins each heartbeat 36

37. Physiology of a Heartbeat (cont’d)
Heart contracts and relaxes in a regular rhythm coordinated by the conduction system
Atrioventricular node (AV node) receives the impulse to contract from the SA node
Purkinje fibers, a network of nerves, cause both ventricles to contract simultaneously 37

38. Figure 5-12 Conduction system of the heart.
Figure Conduction system of the heart 38

39. Physiology of a Heartbeat (cont’d)
Two Heartbeat Phases
Systole (contraction)
Diastole (resting period) 39

40. Figure 5-13 Exercise increases the heart rate
John Garrett © Dorling Kindersley 40

41. Diseases and Conditions
Myocardium
Acute coronary syndrome
Angina pectoris
Cardiomegaly
Cardiomyopathy
Congestive heart failure (CHF)
Myocardial infarction (MI) 41

42. Figure 5-14 Peripheral edema Antonia Reeve/Photo Researchers, Inc.l42

43. Diseases and Conditions (cont’d)
Heart Valves and Layers of the Heart
Endocarditis
Mitral valve prolapse (MVP)
Murmur
Pericarditis
Rheumatic heart disease 43

44. Figure 5-15 Vegetation on the mitral valve
Abrahas/Custom Medical Stock Photo, Inc. 44

45. Diseases and Conditions (cont’d)
Conduction System
Arrhythmia
Bradycardia
Fibrillation
Flutter
Heart block 45

46. Figure 5-16 Arrhythmias on an EKG tracing46

47. Diseases and Conditions (cont’d)
Conduction System
Premature contraction
Sick sinus syndrome
Tachycardia
Asystole
Palpitation 47

48. Diseases and Conditions (cont’d)
Blood Vessels
Aneurysm
Arteriosclerosis
Bruit
Coronary artery disease (CAD)
Hyperlipidemia
Hypertension (HTN)
Hypotension
Peripheral artery disease (PAD) 48

49. (b) Michael English, M.D./Custom Medical Stock Photo, Inc.
Figure An aneurysm
(b) Michael English, M.D./Custom Medical Stock Photo, Inc. 49

50. Figure 5-18 Mild atheromatous plaque
Renumber as Fig
Figure Mild atheromatous plaque
SIU BioMed/Custom Medical Stock Photo, Inc. 50

51. Figure 5-19 Severe atherosclerotic plaque in an artery
C. Abrahams, M.D./Custom Medical Stock Photo, Inc. 51

52. Diseases and Conditions (cont’d)
Blood Vessels
Peripheral vascular disease (PVD)
Phlebitis
Raynaud’s disease
Varicose veins 52

53. Figure 5-23 Severe varicose veins in the leg
SPL/Photo Researchers, Inc. 53

54. Laboratory and Diagnostic Procedures
Blood Tests
Cardiac enzymes
C-reactive protein (CRP)
Homocysteine
Lipid profile
Troponin 54

55. Laboratory and Diagnostic Procedures (cont’d)
Diagnostic Heart Procedures
Cardiac catheterization
Cardiac exercise stress test
Electrocardiography (ECG, EKG)
Electrophysiologic study (EPS) 55

56. Figure 5-22 Electrocardiography
Jupiter Images – PictureArts Corporation/Brand X Pictures-Royalty Free 56

57. Figure An EKG tracing 57

58. Laboratory and Diagnostic Procedures (cont’d)
Diagnostic Heart Procedures
Holter monitor
Pharmacologic stress test
Telemetry 58

59. Figure 5-21 Treadmill exercise stress test
Fotopic/Miles Simons/Phototake NYC 59

60. Laboratory and Diagnostic Procedures (cont’d)
Radiology and Nuclear Medicine Procedures
Angiography
Echocardiography 60

61. Figure 5-24 Echocardiogram Custom Medical Stock Photo, Inc.61

62. Figure 5-25 Doppler ultrasonography
Matt Meadows/Science Photo Library/Photo Researchers, Inc. 62

63. Medical and Surgical Procedures
Medical Procedures
Auscultation
Cardioversion
Sclerotherapy
Vital signs
Insert Fig after this slide. 63

64. Figure 5-26 Defibrillation Pearson Education/PH College64

65. Renumber as Fig
Figure Pulse points 65

66. Michal Heron/Pearson Education/PH College
Figure Carotid pulse
Michal Heron/Pearson Education/PH College 66

67. Figure 5-29 Measuring the blood pressure.
Figure Measuring the blood pressure 67

68. Medical and Surgical Procedures (cont’d)
Aneurysmectomy
Cardiopulmonary bypass
Carotid endarterectomy 68

69. Medical and Surgical Procedures (cont’d)
Coronary artery bypass graft (CABG)
Heart transplantation
Pacemaker insertion 69

70. Figure 5-30 Open heart surgery F. Schussler/PhotoDisc/Getty Images70

71. Figure Pacemaker
(left) English/Custom Medical Stock Photo, Inc. (right) Alvis Upitis/Jupiter Images-PictureArts Corporation/Brand X Pictures-Royalty Free 71

72. Medical and Surgical Procedures (cont’d)
Percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty (PTCA)
Pericardiocentesis
Valve replacement
Valvoplasty
Radiofrequency catheter ablation 72

73. Figure 5-32 Balloon angioplasty73

74. Figure Stent 74

75. Figure 5-34 Valve replacement surgery Custom Medical Stock Photo, Inc.75