1. 8 Types of Nouns

2. Common and Proper Nouns
A common noun names any person, place, thing or idea.
Examples:
My book is on the table.
Tamika went to school early this morning.
A proper noun names a specific person, place, thing or idea. These nouns should be Capitalized
My book, Long Walk to Freedom, is on the table.
Tamika goes to Oglethorpe Elementary.

3. Study the difference Common Noun Proper Noun writer teacher beagle
cookie
city
restaurant
document
school
Herman Melville
Mrs. Tanya
Snoopy
Oreo
Ambarawa
Double Decker
Declaration of Independence
University of Southern Calofornia

4. Proper nouns catagories
Holidays: Christmas, New Year’s Day, Hanukkah, Thanksgiving
Geographical areas: San Francisco, Europe, Spain, the Nile River
People and pets: Mrs. Caroline Jones, Rip Van Winkle, Snoopy
Books, Newspapers, Magazines: Wuthering Heights, Atlanta Journal, Southern Living
Companies and organizations: Google, ChildFund International, General Electric
Religious terms: Christian, Methodist, Hindu, God, Allah
Places, buildings: Yellowstone National Park, Empire State Building, Ritz-Carlton
Titles: President Bush, King George, Queen Elizabeth, Judge Judy (titles are not capitalized when they’re referred to in general terms.  For example: The criminal appeared before the judge.
Languages: English, French, Italian
Brand names: Coach, Pepsi, Lucky
Possessive Proper Nouns : Mary’s coat, United States’ rules

5. Singular and Plural Nouns
A singular noun names one person, place, thing or idea.
Examples:
My pencil is broken.
May I borrow a piece of paper?
A plural noun names more than one person, place, thing or idea.
My pencils are broken.
My papers are scattered around the floor.

6. More on Plural Nouns
We can make a plural noun by simply adding the letter “s”
Example: paper => papers
book => books
pencil => pencils
We also add “es” in a word which ends with: -ch, -x, -s or s like sounds
Example: witch => witches
box => boxes
bus => buses
Jones => Joneses

7. But change the –y to an i and and es
Example: baby => babies
reality => realities
p.s. this rule does not apply to proper nouns
Kennedy => Kennedies (X)
Kennedys

8. For an –o ending word, just add es after the –o
Example: potato => potatoes
hero => heroes
Exception: memo => memos
cello => cellos
and words where another vowel comes before the o (stereo => stereos)

9. Words which end with -f or –fe usually change into v and add s or es
Example: knife => knives
leaf => leaves
hoof => hooves
life => lives
self => selves
elf => elves
wife => wives
Exception: dwarf = dwarfs, roof = roofs

10. Irregular Plural Nouns
Notice that not all words remain the same rules. Child => children Woman => women Person => people Goose => geese Mouse => mice Deer => deer Fish => fish Tooth => teeth

11. Nucleus => nuclei Syllabus => syllabi Focus => foci Fungus => fungi Cactus => cacti (cactuses is acceptable) Thesis => theses Crisis => crises Phenomenon => phenomena Index => indices (indexes is acceptable) appendix => appendices (appendixes is OK) Criterion => criteria

12. Possessive Nouns
A possessive noun shows ownership. It uses an apostrophe (‘) or an apostrophe plus an –s on the end.
Examples:
The boys’ basketball team is walking down the hall.
I borrowed my sister’s shirt.
p.s. Charles’s house or Charles’ house both are correct

13. Concrete and Abstract Nouns
A concrete noun names a material thing, person, or place. It is something that can be perceived by human’s five senses.
Examples:
A parade began at 7 o’clock to celebrate
the Fourth of July.
An abstract noun names ideas, feelings, or qualities. They cannot be physically touched.
Lynn wept in sorrow over the loss of her dog.

14. peace warmth hospitality information anger education melancholy softness violence
conduct courage leisure knowledge safety shopping justice chaos progress
speed experience time friendship trouble work culture virtue
taste evil liberty democracy death grief piety

15. Collective Nouns
Collective nouns are name a group or collection of people, places, things or ideas. They are considered one unit and so they are singular.
Examples:
The crowd sounds like a herd of elephants.
The staff includes professionals and nonprofessionals.
The group of students is standing in line.

16. Countable and Uncountable Nouns
Countable nouns are nouns that can be counted. Most nouns in English are countable.
Example: two dogs
three cars
A pencil
Uncountable nouns are nouns that are not counted in English. They don’t have plural forms.
Example: water Rice
Oil Money
Sand Advice

17.  - articles Countable Uncountable a Many Much Few A few Little
A little
some
any
A lot of
Lots of no
Enough
Plenty of

18. Gerund Nouns A gerund is a noun made from a verb by adding "-ing.“
Example: reading
Swimming
Fishing
those words state as hobbies. Hobby is noun.

19. Let’s Practice
Read the sentences on the back of your reference sheet. Pay attention to the underlined nouns. Circle the type of noun that is underlined. Be sure to circle all types that apply.