2. 1 (Based on text: David A. Patterson & John L. Hennessy, Computer Organization and Design: The Hardware/Software Interface, 3 rd Ed., Morgan Kaufmann, 2007) Introduction

3. 2 COURSE CONTENTS è Introduction Instructions Computer Arithmetic Performance Processor: Datapath Processor: Control Pipelining Techniques Memory Input/Output Devices

4. 3 INTRODUCTION Overview the Computer Systems Evolution of Memory and Processor Historical Perspective Levels of Representation

5. 4 A Desktop Computer A desktop computer (left figure) Motherboard, I/O interface board, board for memory chips, power supply, disk drives (right figure)

6. 5 Inside a PC Patterson & Henessey, Morgan Kaufmann 2007

7. 6 PC Motherboard Intel Pentium 4 processor - upper left, covered by metal fins (heat sink) Main memory DRAM – middle, small board perpendicular to mother board (DIMMs) The rest – mostly connectors for external I/O devices

8. 7 Processor Chip - 1 Earlier Intel Pentium Chip Data cach e Instructio n cache Bu s Integer data- path Floating - point data- path Branch Contro l

9. 8 Processor Chip - 2 Intel Pentium 4 Intel Pentium 4 – die photo (Henessey & Patterson, Morgan Kaufmann 2003) Intel Pentium 4 with 3 GHz - package (intel 2003)

10. 9 Processor Chip - 3 Intel Pentium 4

11. 10 Hardware / Software Hardware: physical components System software: operating system, compiler,.... Application software: PowerPoint, spreadsheet,... System software Application software Hardware

12. 11 Five Classic Components of a Computer + Network Datapath: Datapath: performs arithmetic & logic operation Control: Control: tells datapath, memory, I/O what to do according to instructions Memory: Memory: stores programs + data cache (SRAM): small & fast DRAM: main memory optical disk (CD, DVD), magnetic disk, FLASH, magnetic tapes: secondary, nonvolatile Input: Input: inputs instructions, data, etc.; e.g. keyboard, mouse (electromech  optical), disk... Output: Output: outputs results, information, etc.; e.g. monitor (flat-panel LCDs or CRT), printer, disk, … Network: Network: communicates with other computers, resource sharing, non-local accesses; e.g. LAN, Internet,... Input Output Datapath Memory Control CP U Network

13. 12 A Historical Perspective 1946: J. Presper Eckert & John Mauchly (U. Penn.) announced ENIAC (Electronic Numerical Integrator and Calculator). It used vacuum tubes and performed 1900 adds/sec John von Neumann joined Eckert & Mauchly and built EDVAC (Electronic Discrete Variable Automatic Computer), a stored-program computer 1948: U. Manchester built Mark-I, first operational, stored-program computer 1949: Maurice Wilkes (Camb. U.) built EDSAC (Electronic Delay Storage Automatic Calculator), first full-scale, operational, stored-program computer 1940s: Other pioneers include Konrad Zuse (Germany), Alan Turing (UK) 1940s: Howard Aiken (Harvard) built Mark-III & Mark-IV, with separate memories for instructions & data, hence Harvard Architecture 1947: Whirlwind started at MIT, using magnetic core memory 1951: 1st successful commercial computer, UNIVAC I (Universal Automatic Computer), built and sold (Remington-Rand / Eckert-Mauchly Computer Corp.) 1952: IBM shipped IBM 701

14. 13 A Historical Perspective 1964: IBM Syst/360. IBM/360 architectures dominated large computer market 1965: DEC unveiled PDP-8, 1st commercial minicomputer 1971: Intel invented 1st microprocessor, Intel 4004 1963: Seymour Cray at CDC announced CDC 6600, 1st supercomputer 1976: Cray announced Cray-I, then fastest supercomputer No single fountainhead for personal computer 1977: Apple II by Steve Jobs & Steve Wozniak set stds for low cost high volume 1981: IBM announced IBM PC and became the best-selling computer of any kind; its success gave Intel the most popular microprocessor and Microsoft the most popular operating system 1990s: Multimedia, networks, Internet, embedded processors, graphics, etc. 2000 - : Wireless & mobile (e.g. cell phone), 3-D graphics, multimedia (e.g. video), Internet, GHz processors, embedded, dual-core, quad-core, multi-core, etc. 90s, 2000 - : Architectural techniques: Superscalar, dynamic pipelining, speculative execution, VLIW, multithreading, multi-core arch, etc.

15. 14 Intel 80x86 History 1978: Intel announced 8086 16-bit architecture (an extension to 8080 8-bit) 1980: Intel announced 8087 floating point co-processor 1982: Intel announced 80286, with address-space extended to 24 bits 1985: Intel announced 80386, a 32-bit architecture 1989: Intel 80486, with improved performance, pipelining 1992: Intel Pentium, improved performance 1995: Intel Pentium Pro, improved performance (> 100 MHz) 1997: MMX extension, set of instructions to accelerate multimedia & communication applications 1998: Intel Pentium II 1999: Intel Pentium III 2000: Intel Pentium III > 1 GHz, competition from AMD, Pentium IV (11/00) 2002: Intel Pentium IV > 3 GHz (3.06 GHz) with multithreading and 0.13 micron technology 2005: Intel Pentium D (dual-core version of Pentium 4 Extreme) - 2 independent execution units onto same processor 2006-07: Intel Quad-Core, 65 nm technology

16. 15 Technology Trends - 1

17. 16 Technology Trends - 2 Moore’s law: transistor capacity doubles every 18-24 months

18. 17 Multithreading & Multi-core CPUs Threads (threads of execution) - a program forks itself into 2 or more simultaneously (or pseudo-simultaneously) running tasks Multiple threads can be executed in parallel on many computers: Single processor - by time slicing when a single processor switches between different threads, so fast as to give the illusion of simultaneity Multiprocessor or multi-core system - achieved via multiprocessing, different threads & processes run simultaneously on different processors or cores. Multi-core CPUs: Multi-chip approach - cores are made by different chips that are put together in a single package. Cores communicate using front side bus. L2 cache is separated Monolithic approach - Cores are manufactured in only one chip, do not need to use front side bus. Memory cache is shared between the two cores. Better performance

19. 18 Levels of Representation temp = v[k]; v[k] = v[k+1]; v[k+1] = temp; lw $15, 0($2) lw $16, 4($2) sw $16, 0($2) sw $15, 4($2) 00000000101000010000000000011000 High level language program Compiler Assembly language program Assembler Object: Machine language modu. Object: Library routine (machine lang.) Linker Executable: Machine language prog. LoaderMemory

20. 19 SUMMARY Overview the computer systems Five classic components of a computer Evolution of memory and processor Computer technology trends Levels of representation