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Delmar Learning Copyright © 2003 Delmar Learning, a Thomson Learning company Nutrition and Diet Therapy 8th Edition by Ruth Roth and Carolynn Townsend
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Delmar Learning Copyright © 2003 Delmar Learning, a Thomson Learning company Nutrition and Diet Therapy PowerPoint Presentation Written by Susan L. Robson, MSN, RNP-c
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Copyright © 2003 Delmar Learning, a Thomson Learning company Section 1 Fundamentals of Nutrition
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Copyright © 2003 Delmar Learning, a Thomson Learning company Chapter 1 The Relationship of Food and Health
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Chapter 1Copyright © 2003 Delmar Learning, a Thomson Learning company5 Objectives Name the six classes of nutrients and their primary functions Recognize common characteristics of well-nourished people Recognize symptoms of malnutrition
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Chapter 1Copyright © 2003 Delmar Learning, a Thomson Learning company6 Objectives Describe ways in which food and health are related List the four basic steps in nutrition assessment
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Chapter 1Copyright © 2003 Delmar Learning, a Thomson Learning company7 Nutrients Chemical substances necessary for life Functions Provide energy Build and repair tissue Regulate body processes
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Chapter 1Copyright © 2003 Delmar Learning, a Thomson Learning company8 Nutrients Six classes Carbohydrates Fats (lipids) Proteins Vitamins Minerals Water
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Chapter 1Copyright © 2003 Delmar Learning, a Thomson Learning company9 Nutrients Organic Contains carbon, hydrogen, oxygen Carbon is found in all living things Example: carbohydrates, fats, proteins, vitamins Inorganic In simplest form when ingested Function: regulate body processes Example: water, minerals
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Chapter 1Copyright © 2003 Delmar Learning, a Thomson Learning company10 Carbohydrates Provides major source of energy Examples: cereal grains, vegetables, fruits, nuts, and sugars
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Chapter 1Copyright © 2003 Delmar Learning, a Thomson Learning company11 Fats (lipids) Provides energy Highest kilocalorie value Sources of fat: meats, milk, cream, butter, cheese, egg yolks, oils, nuts
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Chapter 1Copyright © 2003 Delmar Learning, a Thomson Learning company12 Protein Builds and repairs body tissues Provides energy Only one of the six nutrients that contains nitrogen Sources of protein: meats, fish, poultry, eggs, milk, cheese, corn, grains, nuts, and seeds
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Chapter 1Copyright © 2003 Delmar Learning, a Thomson Learning company13 Vitamins Organic compounds Regulate body processes Examples: vitamins A, B, C, D, E and K
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Chapter 1Copyright © 2003 Delmar Learning, a Thomson Learning company14 Minerals Inorganic compounds Regulate body processes Examples: calcium, phosphorus, potassium, sodium, chloride, iron, magnesium, zinc
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Chapter 1Copyright © 2003 Delmar Learning, a Thomson Learning company15 Water Major constituent of all living cells Composed of hydrogen and oxygen
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Chapter 1Copyright © 2003 Delmar Learning, a Thomson Learning company16 The Six Essential Nutrients and Their Functions Organic NutrientsFunction CarbohydratesProvide energy FatsProvide energy ProteinsBuild & repair tissues VitaminsRegulate body processes Inorganic NutrientsFunction MineralsRegulate body processes WaterRegulates body processes
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Chapter 1Copyright © 2003 Delmar Learning, a Thomson Learning company17 A client is at home recovering from surgery. You ask the client what they have eaten over the past 24 hours. The client states the following: Breakfast: 2 doughnuts, orange juice Lunch: lettuce salad with oil & vinegar, soda Snack: pretzels, soda Dinner: spaghetti with tomato sauce, garlic bread; wine
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Chapter 1Copyright © 2003 Delmar Learning, a Thomson Learning company18 Discuss the answers to the following questions: What nutrients are missing in the client’s diet? Why are these nutrients important for this client?
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Chapter 1Copyright © 2003 Delmar Learning, a Thomson Learning company19 The client is missing protein and water in the diet. Protein is needed to build and repair body tissues after surgery. Water is needed to prevent dehydration.
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Chapter 1Copyright © 2003 Delmar Learning, a Thomson Learning company20 Characteristics of Nutritional Status GoodPoor Alert expressionApathy Shiny hairDull, lifeless hair Clear complexionGreasy, blemished complexion Good colorPoor color
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Chapter 1Copyright © 2003 Delmar Learning, a Thomson Learning company21 Characteristics of Nutritional Status GoodPoor Bright, clear eyesDull, red-rimmed eyes Pink, firm gums and well-developed teeth Red, puffy, receding gums, and missing or cavity-prone teeth Firm abdomenSwollen abdomen Firm, well-developed muscles Underdeveloped, flabby muscles
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Chapter 1Copyright © 2003 Delmar Learning, a Thomson Learning company22 Characteristics of Nutritional Status GoodPoor Well-developed bone structure Bowed legs, “pigeon breast” Normal weight for height Over- or underweight Erect postureSlumped posture Emotional stabilityEasily irritated, depressed, poor attention span
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Chapter 1Copyright © 2003 Delmar Learning, a Thomson Learning company23 Characteristics of Nutritional Status GoodPoor Good staminaEasily fatigued Seldom illFrequently ill Healthy appetiteExcessive or poor appetite Healthy, normal sleep habits Insomnia at night, fatigued during the day Normal eliminationConstipation or diarrhea
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Chapter 1Copyright © 2003 Delmar Learning, a Thomson Learning company24 Divide into groups of 2. Assess your partner for signs of good nutrition. Identify common characteristics associated with good nutrition exhibited in your partner.
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Chapter 1Copyright © 2003 Delmar Learning, a Thomson Learning company25 Shiny hair Clear skin Clear eyes Erect posture Alert expressions Firm flesh on well-developed bone structures Pink gums and well-developed teeth Normal weight for height
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Chapter 1Copyright © 2003 Delmar Learning, a Thomson Learning company26 Malnutrition Overnutrition Excess energy or nutrient intake Undernutrition Deficient energy or nutrient intake Overnutrition is a larger problem in the United States than undernutrition.
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Chapter 1Copyright © 2003 Delmar Learning, a Thomson Learning company27 Identify at least 5 signs of malnutrition present in this child. Courtesy of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Public Health Image Library
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Chapter 1Copyright © 2003 Delmar Learning, a Thomson Learning company28 Poor quality hair Mottled complexion Dull expression Spindly arms and legs Bloated abdomen
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Chapter 1Copyright © 2003 Delmar Learning, a Thomson Learning company29 Relation of Food to Health Cumulative Excess nutrients over time Examples: atherosclerosis, obesity, hypertension, diabetes, gallbladder disease, some cancers Deficiencies Nutrients lacking for extended period Examples: iron deficiency, beriberi, scurvy, osteomalacia, osteoporosis, rickets, goiter
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Chapter 1Copyright © 2003 Delmar Learning, a Thomson Learning company30 Deficiency Diseases Deficiency Disease Iron deficiency Iron-deficiency anemia Beriberi Night blindness Goiter Kwashiorkor Marasmus Nutrients Lacking Iron Thiamin Vitamin A Iodine Protein All nutrients
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Chapter 1Copyright © 2003 Delmar Learning, a Thomson Learning company31 Deficiency Diseases Deficiency DiseaseNutrients Lacking OsteomalaciaCalcium, vitamin D, phosphorus, magnesium, and fluoride OsteoporosisCalcium and vitamin D
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Chapter 1Copyright © 2003 Delmar Learning, a Thomson Learning company32 Deficiency Diseases Deficiency Disease Pellagra Rickets Scurvy Xerophthalmia (blindness) Nutrients Lacking Niacin Calcium and vitamin D Vitamin C Vitamin A
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Chapter 1Copyright © 2003 Delmar Learning, a Thomson Learning company33 Nutritional Assessment Anthropometric measurements Clinical examination Biochemical tests Dietary/social history
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Chapter 1Copyright © 2003 Delmar Learning, a Thomson Learning company34 Anthropometric Measurements Height Weight Head circumference (children) Upper arm measurement Skinfold
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Chapter 1Copyright © 2003 Delmar Learning, a Thomson Learning company35 Anthropometric Measurements Height Weight
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Chapter 1Copyright © 2003 Delmar Learning, a Thomson Learning company36 Anthropometric Measurements Head circumferenceTriceps skinfold
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Chapter 1Copyright © 2003 Delmar Learning, a Thomson Learning company37 Clinical Examination Clinical SignsPossible Deficiencies Pallor, blue half circles beneath eyes Iron, copper, zinc, B12, B6, biotin EdemaProtein Bumpy “gooseflesh”Vitamin A Lesions at corner of mouth Riboflavin GlossitisFolic acid
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Chapter 1Copyright © 2003 Delmar Learning, a Thomson Learning company38 Clinical Examination Clinical SignsPossible Deficiencies Numerous “black and blue” spots and tiny, red “pin prick” hemorrhages under the skin Vitamin C EmaciationCarbohydrates, proteins; kcal
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Chapter 1Copyright © 2003 Delmar Learning, a Thomson Learning company39 Clinical Examination Clinical SignsPossible Deficiencies Poorly shaped bones or teeth or delayed appearance of teeth in children Vitamin C Slow clotting time of blood Vitamin K
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Chapter 1Copyright © 2003 Delmar Learning, a Thomson Learning company40 Clinical Examination Clinical SignsPossible Deficiencies Unusual nervousness, dermatitis, diarrhea in same patient Niacin TetanyCalcium, potassium, sodium GoiterIodine EczemaFat
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Chapter 1Copyright © 2003 Delmar Learning, a Thomson Learning company41 Biochemical Tests Serum albumin level Measures main protein in blood Determines protein status Serum transferrin level Indicates iron-carrying protein in blood indicates iron stores low indicates body lacks protein
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Chapter 1Copyright © 2003 Delmar Learning, a Thomson Learning company42 Biochemical Tests Blood urea nitrogen (BUN) may indicate renal failure, insufficient renal blood supply, or blockage of the urinary tract Serum creatinine indicates amount of creatinine in blood used to evaluate renal function
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Chapter 1Copyright © 2003 Delmar Learning, a Thomson Learning company43 Biochemical Tests Creatinine excretion indicates amount of creatinine excreted in urine over a 24-hour period used in estimating body muscle mass muscle mass depleted, as in malnutrition; level will be low
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Chapter 1Copyright © 2003 Delmar Learning, a Thomson Learning company44 Biochemical Tests Other tests Hemoglobin (Hgb) Hematocrit (Hct) Red blood cells (RBCs) White blood cells (WBCs) Lipid profile (high & low-density lipoprotein, serum triglycerides) Urinalysis
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Chapter 1Copyright © 2003 Delmar Learning, a Thomson Learning company45 Dietary/Social History Evaluation of food habits. 24-hour recall: Client interviewed by the dietitian and asked to give types, amounts, and preparation of all foods eaten in past 24 hours Food diary: written record of all food and drink ingested in a specified period Computer diet analysis to determine nutrient deficiencies or toxicities
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Chapter 1Copyright © 2003 Delmar Learning, a Thomson Learning company46 Dietary/Social History Social history Consideration of financial resources to obtain needed food, and properly store and cook food Food-drug interactions that can lead to malnutrition
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Chapter 1Copyright © 2003 Delmar Learning, a Thomson Learning company47 Conclusion Nutrition and health are directly related. Effects of poor nutrition are cumulative. There are six essential nutrients: carbohydrates, fats, proteins, minerals, vitamins, and water. Nutritional assessment is the best way to determine deficiencies that may result from lack of nutrients.
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