1. ESTIMATING THE EFFECTS OF ACCESS TIME WINDOWS IN THE MANAGEMENT OF URBAN DELIVERY FLEETS Jesús Muñuzuri University of Seville Spain

2. THREE PILLARS OF SUSTAINABILITY SOCIAL SUSTAINABILITY ENVIRONMENTAL SUSTAINABILITY ECONOMIC SUSTAINABILITY  Promoting public transport  Reducing congestion  Increasing parking availability  …  Reducing emissions  Reducing energy consumption  …  Pricing policies  Charging for externalities  …

3. ACCESS TIME WINDOWS Restriction of access to city centre during predefined periods Avoid delivery-related congestion and parking problems

4. ACCESS TIME WINDOWS Social benefits: residents, tourists, shoppers, …. Effect on delivery route planning Environmentally and economically sustainable? Cost of urban freight around 40% of total freight transport chain (eu-portal)

5. 1 2 3 4 ROUTE PLANNING VRPATW APPROACH Vehicle Routing Problem with Access Time Windows How can a delivery vehicle plan its route in a city with access time windows? What is the economic and environmental effect of these restrictions?

6. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Depot D Time 12345 6 UNRESTRICTED CASE ROUTE PLANNING D ROUTE LENGTH

7. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Depot D Time 123456 VRPATW CASE ROUTE PLANNING D ROUTE LENGTH

8. Parameters of the problem Number of customers (Nº Stop) Size of the restricted zone (RZ) Length of the time window (TW) Parameters of the Genetic Algorithm Population size (A) = A* Nº Stop Maximum number of iterations (B) = B* Nº Stop Probability of mutation (TM) TDVRP: A=3 VRPTW: A=4 VRPATW: A=2 Population size (A) = A* Nº Stop TDVRP: B=40 VRPTW: B=50 VRPATW: B=6 Maximum number of iterations (B) = B* Nº Stop TDVRP: TM=0,4 VRPTW: TM=0,4 VRPATW: TM=0,5 Probability of mutation (TM) GENETIC ALGORITHM

9. Diferent values of the: Number of customers (50, 100, 150) Size of RZ (0, 2, 5, 9) Length of the TW (0, 2, 4, 6) CASE STUDY

10. SIMULATION RESULTS 2 4 6 25 9 265 % 103 % 30 % 96 % 14 % 3 % 0 % 2 % 4% Diameter of restricted zone (km) Length of time window (hours)

11. Social benefits Effect on delivery route planning Environmental and economic costs: depending on the size of the restricted zone and the length of the time window Muñuzuri, J., Grosso, R., Cortés, P. and Guadix, J. (2013) Estimating the extra costs imposed on delivery vehicles using access time windows in a city. Computers, Environment and Urban Systems, 41, 262–275. ACCESS TIME WINDOWS

12. Access time windows constitute a widespread policy in medium and large urban areas Social and environmental factors are usually the reasons for this type of policy However, the additional costs imposed on carriers are often neglected in the analysis Also, the additional vehicles and kms required question the environmental side of sustainability Full analysis required for each urban area! CONCLUSIONS

13. ESTIMATING THE EFFECTS OF ACCESS TIME WINDOWS IN THE MANAGEMENT OF URBAN DELIVERY FLEETS Jesús Muñuzuri University of Seville Spain