1. SPM’99 – introduction & orientation introduction to the SPM software some SPM resources introduction to the SPM software some SPM resources

2. Introduction to the SPM software…

3. Statistical Parametric MappingStatistical Parametric Mapping …a voxel by voxel hypothesis testing approach  reliably identify regions showing a significant experimental effect of interest TypeType I error – –significance test at each voxel –model voxel data, test parameters no exact prior anatomical hypothesisno exact prior anatomical hypothesis –multiple comparisons –General Linear Model –Random field theory SPMSPM …the software Statistical Parametric MappingStatistical Parametric Mapping …a voxel by voxel hypothesis testing approach  reliably identify regions showing a significant experimental effect of interest TypeType I error – –significance test at each voxel –model voxel data, test parameters no exact prior anatomical hypothesisno exact prior anatomical hypothesis –multiple comparisons –General Linear Model –Random field theory SPMSPM …the software What is SPM? the game of the name Statistical Parametric Mapping refers to the construction and assessment of spatially extended statistical process used to test hypotheses about [neuro]imaging data from SPECT/PET & fMRI. These ideas have been instantiated in software that is called SPM. “ ”

4. realignment & motion correction smoothing normalisation General Linear Model Ümodel fitting Üstatistic image corrected p-values image data parameter estimates design matrix anatomical reference kernel Statistical Parametric Map random field theory

5. SPM’99 GUI…

6. SpatialSpatial realignment, spatial normalisation, segmentation, coregistration, spatial smoothingrealignment, spatial normalisation, segmentation, coregistration, spatial smoothing StatisticalStatistical voxel by voxel statistical analysisvoxel by voxel statistical analysis general linear model, generalised for temporal autocorrelationgeneral linear model, generalised for temporal autocorrelation random effects analysesrandom effects analyses multiple comparisons: Corrected p-values from random field theorymultiple comparisons: Corrected p-values from random field theory plotting & results interrogationplotting & results interrogation UtilitiesUtilities image display, CheckReg, rendering, brain extraction, adjusted means, image algebraimage display, CheckReg, rendering, brain extraction, adjusted means, image algebra SpatialSpatial realignment, spatial normalisation, segmentation, coregistration, spatial smoothingrealignment, spatial normalisation, segmentation, coregistration, spatial smoothing StatisticalStatistical voxel by voxel statistical analysisvoxel by voxel statistical analysis general linear model, generalised for temporal autocorrelationgeneral linear model, generalised for temporal autocorrelation random effects analysesrandom effects analyses multiple comparisons: Corrected p-values from random field theorymultiple comparisons: Corrected p-values from random field theory plotting & results interrogationplotting & results interrogation UtilitiesUtilities image display, CheckReg, rendering, brain extraction, adjusted means, image algebraimage display, CheckReg, rendering, brain extraction, adjusted means, image algebra SPM features…

7. SPM history… SPMclassic:SPMclassic: in-house software @ MRC-CU –by KarlFriston & Jon Heather –by Karl Friston & Jon Heather released to the emerging functional neuroimaging community in 1991 why freely distribute?why freely distribute? –community –open –promote rigour (in emerging field) –promote collaboration –common analysis framework SPMclassic:SPMclassic: in-house software @ MRC-CU –by KarlFriston & Jon Heather –by Karl Friston & Jon Heather released to the emerging functional neuroimaging community in 1991 why freely distribute?why freely distribute? –community –open –promote rigour (in emerging field) –promote collaboration –common analysis framework SPM94+ (SPM95, SPM96, SPM99…)SPM94+ (SPM95, SPM96, SPM99…) developed under auspices of the Wellcome Department of Cognitive Neurology –completely rewritten primary authors Karl Friston, John Ashburner, Andrew Holmes, Jean-Baptiste PolineKarl Friston, John Ashburner, Andrew Holmes, Jean-Baptiste Poline key collaborator Keith WorsleyKeith Worsley –GUI –support SPMweb, SPMhelp, SPMcourseSPMweb, SPMhelp, SPMcourse –SPM toolboxes SnPMSnPM MultivariateMultivariate unwarpunwarp

8. Constraints…Constraints… appropriate accessible available

9. SPM architecture SPMSPM –MatLab functions & scripts basic “toolbox” functions macro functions/scripts GUI functions & i/o primitives basic “toolbox” functions macro functions/scripts GUI functions & i/o primitives –externally linked C-code intensive operations memory mapping intensive operations memory mapping –platform MatLab on UNIX, Linux, Windows MatLab on UNIX, Linux, Windows MatLab:MatLab: –4th Generation language high level matrix based engineering maths language basic data type is matrix mathematical syntax high level matrix based engineering maths language basic data type is matrix mathematical syntax –interpreted environment –graphics & GUI primitives provided –programming scripts functions (can compile) objects linked C/C++ scripts functions (can compile) objects linked C/C++ SPMSPM –MatLab functions & scripts basic “toolbox” functions macro functions/scripts GUI functions & i/o primitives basic “toolbox” functions macro functions/scripts GUI functions & i/o primitives –externally linked C-code intensive operations memory mapping intensive operations memory mapping –platform MatLab on UNIX, Linux, Windows MatLab on UNIX, Linux, Windows MatLab:MatLab: –4th Generation language high level matrix based engineering maths language basic data type is matrix mathematical syntax high level matrix based engineering maths language basic data type is matrix mathematical syntax –interpreted environment –graphics & GUI primitives provided –programming scripts functions (can compile) objects linked C/C++ scripts functions (can compile) objects linked C/C++

10. Workstation –developed on Sun Solaris UNIX –Solaris, Linux & Windows supported –other UNIX –disk & memory… Matlab 5.3.0 or later –no special “toolboxes” required –SPM’99 won’t work with Matlab 4 ANSII C Compiler –to compile external C–mex routines  ready for Solaris, Linux, & Windows Analyze / MINC format images –conversion program –extend SPM Internet access …for SPMweb & the email discussion list Plenty of time! SPM’99 requirements…

11. SPM resources…

12. SPM documentation… peer reviewed literature SPMcourse notes, Human Brain Function & SPM manual online help & function descriptions algorithm descriptions, code annotations, pseudo-code

13. Friston KJ (1997) “Imaging Cognitive Anatomy” Trends in Cognitive Sciences 1:21-27 Worsley KJ (1996) “The geometry of random images” CHANCE 9(1):27-40 Worsley KJ (1997) “An overview and some new developments in the statistical analysis of PET and fMRI data” Human Brain Mapping 5:254-258 Worsley KJ (1999) “Statistics of Brain Mapping” 52nd Session of the International Statistical Institute, Helsinki, Finland. Acton PD, Friston KJ (1998) “Statistical parametric mapping in functional neuroimaging: beyond PET and fMRI activation studies” European Journal of Nuclear Medicine 25:663-667 Rabe-Hesketh S, Bullmore ET, Brammer MJ (1997) “The analysis of functional magnetic resonance images” Statistical Methods in Medical Research 6(3):215-237 Petersson KM, Nichols TE, Poline J-B, Holmes AP (1999) “Statistical limitations in functional neuroimaging I: Non-inferential methods and statistical models” Phil. Trans. R. Soc. London. B 354:1239-1260 Petersson KM, Nichols TE, Poline J-B, Holmes AP (1999) “Statistical limitations in functional neuroimaging II: Signal detection and statistical inference” Phil. Trans. R. Soc. London. B 354:1239-1260 Friston KJ (1997) “Imaging Cognitive Anatomy” Trends in Cognitive Sciences 1:21-27 Worsley KJ (1996) “The geometry of random images” CHANCE 9(1):27-40 Worsley KJ (1997) “An overview and some new developments in the statistical analysis of PET and fMRI data” Human Brain Mapping 5:254-258 Worsley KJ (1999) “Statistics of Brain Mapping” 52nd Session of the International Statistical Institute, Helsinki, Finland. Acton PD, Friston KJ (1998) “Statistical parametric mapping in functional neuroimaging: beyond PET and fMRI activation studies” European Journal of Nuclear Medicine 25:663-667 Rabe-Hesketh S, Bullmore ET, Brammer MJ (1997) “The analysis of functional magnetic resonance images” Statistical Methods in Medical Research 6(3):215-237 Petersson KM, Nichols TE, Poline J-B, Holmes AP (1999) “Statistical limitations in functional neuroimaging I: Non-inferential methods and statistical models” Phil. Trans. R. Soc. London. B 354:1239-1260 Petersson KM, Nichols TE, Poline J-B, Holmes AP (1999) “Statistical limitations in functional neuroimaging II: Signal detection and statistical inference” Phil. Trans. R. Soc. London. B 354:1239-1260 Overview references…

14. SPMweb siteSPMweb sitehttp://www.fil.ion.ucl.ac.uk/spm SPM email discussion listSPM email discussion listhttp://www.fil.ion.ucl.ac.uk/spm/helpspm@jiscmail.ac.uk MRC-CBU imagers (Matthew Brett)MRC-CBU imagers (Matthew Brett)http://www.mrc-cbu.cam.ac.uk/Imaging/ Keith WorsleyKeith Worsleyhttp://www.math.mcgill.ca/~keith/ –FIL neuroscience resources links http://www.fil.ion.ucl.ac.uk/Resources/ SPMweb siteSPMweb sitehttp://www.fil.ion.ucl.ac.uk/spm SPM email discussion listSPM email discussion listhttp://www.fil.ion.ucl.ac.uk/spm/helpspm@jiscmail.ac.uk MRC-CBU imagers (Matthew Brett)MRC-CBU imagers (Matthew Brett)http://www.mrc-cbu.cam.ac.uk/Imaging/ Keith WorsleyKeith Worsleyhttp://www.math.mcgill.ca/~keith/ –FIL neuroscience resources links http://www.fil.ion.ucl.ac.uk/Resources/ some SPM internet resources…

15. SPMweb… http://www.fil.ion.ucl.ac.uk/spm Introduction to SPMIntroduction to SPM The SPM distributionThe SPM distribution SPM’99SPM’99 SPM2 – soon!SPM2 – soon! Documentation & supportDocumentation & support SPM email discussion listSPM email discussion list SPM short courseSPM short course SPM course notesSPM course notes SnPM’99SnPM’99 Example data setsExample data sets

16. SPM – email discussion list spm@jiscmail.ac.ukspm@jiscmail.ac.uk –Web home page http://www.fil.ion.ucl.ac.uk/spm/helphttp://www.fil.ion.ucl.ac.uk/spm/help Archives, archive searches, membership lists, instructionsArchives, archive searches, membership lists, instructions –Subscribe http://www.jiscmail.ac.uk/http://www.jiscmail.ac.uk/ email jiscmail@jiscmail.ac.ukemail jiscmail@jiscmail.ac.uk –join spm Firstname Lastname –Parricipate & learn email spm@jiscmail.ac.ukemail spm@jiscmail.ac.uk Monitored by SPMauthorsMonitored by SPMauthors Usage queries, theoretical discussions, bug reports, patches, techniques, &c…Usage queries, theoretical discussions, bug reports, patches, techniques, &c… spm@jiscmail.ac.ukspm@jiscmail.ac.uk –Web home page http://www.fil.ion.ucl.ac.uk/spm/helphttp://www.fil.ion.ucl.ac.uk/spm/help Archives, archive searches, membership lists, instructionsArchives, archive searches, membership lists, instructions –Subscribe http://www.jiscmail.ac.uk/http://www.jiscmail.ac.uk/ email jiscmail@jiscmail.ac.ukemail jiscmail@jiscmail.ac.uk –join spm Firstname Lastname –Parricipate & learn email spm@jiscmail.ac.ukemail spm@jiscmail.ac.uk Monitored by SPMauthorsMonitored by SPMauthors Usage queries, theoretical discussions, bug reports, patches, techniques, &c…Usage queries, theoretical discussions, bug reports, patches, techniques, &c… spm@jiscmail.ac.uk http://www.fil.ion.ucl.ac.uk/spm/help

18. SPMcourse 2002 “screensavers”…

19. Karl Friston John Ashburner Andrew Holmes Jean-Baptiste Poline Karl Friston John Ashburner Andrew Holmes Jean-Baptiste Poline SPM: Statistical Parametric Mapping Software for functional NeuroImaging SPM: Statistical Parametric Mapping Software for functional NeuroImaging Wellcome Department of Imaging Neuroscience Statistical Parametric Mapping refers to the construction and assessment of spatially extended statistical process used to test hypotheses about [neuro]imaging data from SPECT/PET & fMRI. These ideas have been instantiated in freely available software that is called SPM.

20. SPM short course 2002 hosted by The Wellcome Department of Imaging Neuroscience Institute of Neurology University College London

21. …a voxel by voxel hypothesis testing approach  reliably identify regions showing a significant experimental effect of interest TypeType I error – –significance test at each voxel –model voxel data, test parameters no exact prior anatomical hypothesisno exact prior anatomical hypothesis –multiple comparisons Statistical Parametric MappingStatistical Parametric Mapping General Linear ModelGeneral Linear Model Random field theoryRandom field theory …a voxel by voxel hypothesis testing approach  reliably identify regions showing a significant experimental effect of interest TypeType I error – –significance test at each voxel –model voxel data, test parameters no exact prior anatomical hypothesisno exact prior anatomical hypothesis –multiple comparisons Statistical Parametric MappingStatistical Parametric Mapping General Linear ModelGeneral Linear Model Random field theoryRandom field theory What is SPM? Statistical Parametric Mapping refers to the construction and assessment of spatially extended statistical process used to test hypotheses about [neuro]imaging data from SPECT/PET & fMRI. These ideas have been instantiated in software that is called SPM. “ ”

22. realignment & motion correction smoothing normalisation General Linear Model Ümodel fitting Üstatistic image corrected p-values parameter estimates design matrix anatomical reference smoothing kernel image data Statistical Parametric Map random field theory

23. realignment & motion correction smoothing normalisation General Linear Model Ümodel fitting Üstatistic image corrected p-values parameter estimates design matrix anatomical reference kernel image data Statistical Parametric Map random field theory

24. SPM features… SpatialSpatial realignment, spatial normalisation, segmentation, coregistration, spatial smoothingrealignment, spatial normalisation, segmentation, coregistration, spatial smoothing StatisticalStatistical voxel by voxel statistical analysisvoxel by voxel statistical analysis general linear model, generalised for temporal autocorrelationgeneral linear model, generalised for temporal autocorrelation random effects analysesrandom effects analyses multiple comparisons: Corrected p-values from random field theorymultiple comparisons: Corrected p-values from random field theory plotting & results interrogationplotting & results interrogation UtilitiesUtilities image display, CheckReg, rendering, brain extraction, adjusted means, image algebraimage display, CheckReg, rendering, brain extraction, adjusted means, image algebra ImplementationImplementation “toolbox” of M ATLAB ® functions“toolbox” of M ATLAB ® functions GUIGUI AvailabilityAvailability open source academic freewareopen source academic freeware documented and informally supporteddocumented and informally supported SpatialSpatial realignment, spatial normalisation, segmentation, coregistration, spatial smoothingrealignment, spatial normalisation, segmentation, coregistration, spatial smoothing StatisticalStatistical voxel by voxel statistical analysisvoxel by voxel statistical analysis general linear model, generalised for temporal autocorrelationgeneral linear model, generalised for temporal autocorrelation random effects analysesrandom effects analyses multiple comparisons: Corrected p-values from random field theorymultiple comparisons: Corrected p-values from random field theory plotting & results interrogationplotting & results interrogation UtilitiesUtilities image display, CheckReg, rendering, brain extraction, adjusted means, image algebraimage display, CheckReg, rendering, brain extraction, adjusted means, image algebra ImplementationImplementation “toolbox” of M ATLAB ® functions“toolbox” of M ATLAB ® functions GUIGUI AvailabilityAvailability open source academic freewareopen source academic freeware documented and informally supporteddocumented and informally supported

25. SPM’99 GUI…