1. Using Subtraction to Find Incremental Benefits and Costs ©2002 Dr. Bradley C. Paul, modified 2009

2. Herby Must Now Compare  Herby is comparing two alternatives that will both cost him money  One often used technique is to subtract one alternative from the other and look at the incremental value of choosing one alternative over the other  This then becomes a question of how much you gain (or loose by choosing one alternative over the other)

3. Application Need to first decide which alternative we think we want to choose. - Oh yes the loan with the lower payments. $3,535-$4,060= -$525 $240.88 - $157.49 = 83.39 / month $238.52 - $297.48 = -$58.96 -$50.56 -$41.40 -$31.43 -$20.56 -$7.71 $1630.95 - $6358.68 = -$4,727.73

4. Now What Should Herby Do?  He has a cash flow that represents the value of choosing the loan with the lower payments and interest rate  Naturally he could discount it back to his decision point (when he goes to bank or signs on the internet)  But What Rate?

5. Herby’s Interest Rate Dilemma  Herby hopes to save some money by picking the lower monthly payments and interest rate  What will he do with the money he saves?  May very well use it for school. Herby may be looking at student loans for what ever he and wifey can’t get together  Herby’s incremental cost of money may be what student loans would cost  Herby may be playing the market on the side  What could Herby get on the market if he were to invest

6. More on Herby’s Dilemma  Herby might not know what the heck his cost or value of money is  Lets suppose Herby is clueless  With spreadsheet Herby can try different interest rates and see what the resulting flow is.

7. Lets identify our cash flow elements -$50.56 -$41.40 -$31.43 -$20.56 -$7.71 We have a Present Value that needs no magic number $83.39 - 4727.73

8. Put the Cash Flow in Class Assistant Enter the monthly Cash flow in the Yellow cash flow Field. (This will be the Favorite Pony Minus other Pony cash flow)

9. Try an Interest Rate Guess an interest rate – I guessed 2% with 12 compounding periods a year (ie monthly compounding) Note the NPV comes out positive – This means that our Guess is working and we are saving money!

10. Try Another Interest Rate Now I Tried 8% and the NPV is still Positive (actually – I’m not working too hard to just plug in a bunch of numbers and check out The result).

11. Observations  Notice that even where something is going to cost you money that subtracting one alternative from another will show an NPV for the value of picking one alternative instead of the other.  If somethings going to cost you you usually have choices. This technique allows you to measure the value of one choice vs. the other  If you have only one choice you can still get the NPV of what it will cost you.

12. More Observations  In this case one of the reasons for choosing the spreadsheet was we were unsure of what interest rate to use.  Many activities and needs cost money. Freeing up money from the activity brings other opportunities  They may be to eliminate debt or the need for debt  They may be to invest.

13. A Personal Life Interest Rate  Herby may have several things that cost him money (look for where your additional margin of dollars go and what interest rate or forgone interest rate opportunities there are)  School - if you can’t pay as you go you have student loans  Credit Cards - if you have needs you are going to charge (or a credit card debt from previous needs)  If you have investment opportunities  If you could put money into CDs or a money market account  If you have an interest bearing checking account it may have a rate  The home loan itself has an interest rate - and most allow extra payment directly against principle.

14. Notes about NPV  The NPV of picking the internet loan over the local loan is positive for any positive rate of interest  (just cash flow total was positive)  The higher the interest the more discounted the home equity at the end is and the greater the savings on monthly payments and interest expenses.

15. Conclusion  Herby should pick the internet loan  Notice that this kind of calculation can be done to decide when to refinance a house or to choose between various borrowing options.  We’ve now decided which loan is best for the house - but not whether Herby should buy or rent.

16. Now That You Know the Subtraction Technique You Need An Opportunity to Use it Do Homework #7 (Help Ned and Nelly Newcar decide how to finance their new car)