1. What is Education Policy

2. Last week…
Introduction to Comparative Education
Role of education models to compare
Various forms of comparative analysis
Mapping the field of Comparative Education
Historical Expansion of Educational Opportunity.
Role of International Organizations.

3. This week…
What is education policy
How do we judge if a policy is successful
The Eightfold Path
Synthesizing research to inform policy. Advancing Gender equity.
What role for a Ministry to support reform?

4. Transnational Space
Multilateral (Intergovernmental) Organizations UUNN
Multilateral Development Institutions. World Bank. UNESCO. Regional Banks.
Bilateral Development Agencies (JICA, USAID, CIDA, GTZ)
International Non-Governmental Organizations (Faith based Organizations, Save the Children)
Consulting Firms, Think Tanks and Universities
Interest Groups

5. Levers for change Advocacy Creating a legal framework
Exchange of experiences
Building Capacity
Providing technical assistance
Providing funding

6.
Article 26.
(1) Everyone has the right to education. Education shall be free, at least in the elementary and fundamental stages. Elementary education shall be compulsory. Technical and professional education shall be made generally available and higher education shall be equally accessible to all on the basis of merit.
(2) Education shall be directed to the full development of the human personality and to the strengthening of respect for human rights and fundamental freedoms. It shall promote understanding, tolerance and friendship among all nations, racial or religious groups, and shall further the activities of the United Nations for the maintenance of peace.
(3) Parents have a prior right to choose the kind of education that shall be given to their children.

7. Examples of Global Initiatives to achieve the goals of the declaration
Education for All Global Action Plan Education for All Fast Track Initiative United Nations Girls Education Initiative InterAgency Standing Committee Cluster for Education In Emergencies

8. UN Education First Initiative
Access
Quality
Global Education

9. How do we know if a policy is successful?
Did Fundescola Work?
How would Narand know?
What influence it’s success/failure?
What are the lessons for other reformers?

10. Equality of Educational Opportunity
The likelihood that any person in a given country can enroll in an educational institution, be supported to learn at high levels, complete and proceed to the next existing level and type of education, independently of characteristics other than effort and ability, and in particular independently of their social class of origin, race, gender and location of residence.

11. How do we measure progress?
Inputs
Per pupil Spending
Processes
Structures, Curriculum
Outputs
Educational Attainment, Literacy
Outcomes
Employment and Productivity, Political Participation, Social Capital

12. Key Indicators
Gross Enrollment Rates
Net Enrollment Rates
Repetition Rates
Student Flows –completion rates—
Learning
Skills

13. Dimensions of educational inequality:
·        Racial Inequality
·     Gender Inequality
·     Cast Inequality
·     Socio-economic inequality
·     Regional inequality

14. What is equality of educational opportunity?
Conservative Definition (Position in the social structure determines education chances)
Liberal Definition (Equality of Treatment)
Progressive Definition (Equality of Outcomes requires inequality of treatment. Positive Discrimination).

15. Equality of Educational Opportunity
Equality of Outcomes (Social and Cultural Capital) Options in Life.
Equality of Learning Outputs
Equality of Processes
Equality of Inputs
Equality of Access

16. Equality of Inputs Per-Pupil expenditures Teacher characteristics
Instructional Resources
Physical facilities 
Learning outputs and outcomes from prior levels.
The role of school segregation

17. Equality of Processes Instructional Practices Teacher responsiveness
Time on task
Fit between curriculum and student background
Language of instruction

18. Equality of Outputs Results tied to curriculum objectives
Academic Skills
Educational Attainement

19. Equality of Outcomes Equal Freedom
Equal Capabilities (not functionings)
Equal Social Capital
Equal Cultural Capital