1. Exploring Our Wonderful World –Learning the materials that comprise our planet (and others) –Investigating the processes that transform these earth materials and the environments of change –Discovering how to read the earth and the history stored in the rocks Dr. James M. Martin-Hayden Associate Professor (419) 530-2634 Jhayden@UTnet.UToledo.edu Dr. James M. Martin-Hayden Associate Professor (419) 530-2634 Jhayden@UTnet.UToledo.edu

2. Groundwater Flow Contaminated Water Well Leaking Gasoline Dissolved Gasoline Underground Storage Tank Water Table Vapor Aquifer of sedimentary rock Floating Gasoline www.EEEScience.UToledo.edu/Faculty/Hayden/Default.htm Hydrogeologist studying groundwater resources and contamination (Environmental Geology) Special interest in the geology and hydrogeology of the Oak Openings Region A. Dr. Jamie Martin-Hayden Introduction

3. Introduction Text: Essentials of Geology by Wicander and Monroe, 4 th edition, Thompson Brooks/Cole, 2006. Course Website –Syllabus –Homework Posting –Other Web Links www.EEEScience.UToledo.edu /Faculty/Hayden/Courses/PhysGeol/ PhysicalGeologyHomeJMH.htm

4. World of Geology Geology is all around us. 1. Geological Resources 2. “The Environment” 3. Geological Hazards 4. Planetary Geology 5. Engineering 6. Landforms and Surface Processes 7. Artistic Inspiration Geology forms the basis of our great civilizations Environmental Geology

5. The Cradle of Civilization Sprung from geology of the region Tigris River, Iraq http://encarta.msn.com/

6. World of Geology –The Cradle of Civilization (Fertile Crescent) –Development limited by availability, e.g., soil, water, energy –Conflicts based on resources, e.g., water, minerals, oil, energy… http://encarta.msn.com/ Geological Resources

7. Geologic Resources Mineral Resources: metals, fertilizers, minerals, petroleum, construction

8. Geologic Resources Mineral Resources: metals, fertilizers, minerals, petroleum, construction Water resources: Lakes, Rivers, Springs, Groundwater

9. Geologic Resources Mineral Resources: e.g., Metals, fertilizers, minerals, petroleum, construction Water resources: e.g., Lakes, Rivers, Springs, Groundwater Energy: e.g., Oil, natural gas, coal, nuclear, silicon, hydroelectric (dams), hydrothermal (Earth’s heat)

10. The Geologist’s Job –Locating and Characterizing quantity and quality of geologic resources –Extracting geologic resources efficiently –Assessing environmental effects of extraction and use Geologic Resources

11. E.g., Misuse of Resources

12. Misuse of Resources Desiccation of the Aral Sea, Kazakhstan www.grida.no/aral/aralsea/english/arsea/arsea.htm 1980 See Page 6 2000 2005 Aral Sea Over Time 1957 1977 1982 1984 1993 2000

13. Overuse of Geologic Resources 1.7 billion are joining the “consumer class” and the environment can’t sustain this standard of living. (Worldwatch Institute, 2004) Emissions of Greenhouse gasses are accelerating global warming. (IGPCC, 2007) Climate change is accelerating melting of glaciers and driving mass extinctions (The Centre of Biodiversity and Conservation, Leeds University, UK) (Geology in the News)

14. Environmental Geology –Environmental Sciences: How we influence the earth –Geologic Hazards: How geology influences us

15. Geology in the News Two die in 6.5 magnitude Earthquake near San Lois Obispo California Earthquake triggers mudslides http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2003 Geologic Hazards San Andreas Fault

16. Assessing Risk “Major Quake Likely to Strike San Francisco Bay Region Between 2003 and 2032” Assessing Risks Avoiding Risks Preventing Damage Predicting Impact Geologic Hazards ( http://quake.wr.usgs.gov/research/seismology/wg02/

17. Earthquake Bam, Iran A Magnitude 6.5 Earthquake hits a stone- and mud- house city of 100,000 in Iran 12- 26-03 –30,000 Dead –30,000 Refugees US sends aid and releases sanctions Relations improved Photos from AP

18. Geological Hazards Volcanoes (pg. 108) Landslides (see pg. 250) Earthquakes (pg. 202) Floods (see pgs., 284)

19. Geology in Engineering Slope Failure Risk Assessment and Control To prevent slope failure engineers must understand the geology that forms and controls the slope

20. Geology in Engineering

21. Committee member John Burland, an engineer, promoted soil extraction as the best way to save the tower. In Pisa the tilted one is back in business after an 11-year effort to keep it from collapsing The Leaning Tower Straightens Up www.smithsonianmag.si.edu Engineers use knowledge of geology to design, protect and correct structures

22. Steve Squyres says that, even though the MER's work will have just begun, he'll feel like celebrating the moment he's got "six wheels in the dirt." Guided by MER specialists back on Earth, each rover will travel dozens of yards a day while investigating sites of interest. Geologists lead the mission “Robot geologist” explores Mars http://marsrovers.jpl.nasa.gov/mission/ Planetary Geology

23. Geologists Study Mars Canyons indicate a geologically active planet Rock layers, Gullies, and Sand Dunes; all geological landforms The largest chasm and volcano in the solar system 1,860 mi 340 mi 15 miles high Valles Marineris Olympus Mons 5 miles deep http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/mars/ PBS

24. Landforms and Surface Processes Glaciers (ch 14) Mass Wasting (ch 11) Streams (ch 12) Shorelines (ch 16) Deserts (ch 15) Ground water (ch13) http://www.berann.com H.C. Berann (1915-1999) Yosemite National Park, 1987

25. (Chapter 18) –Deciphering Earth History and –Charting the evolution of life Historical Geology

26. Landforms and Surface Processes Albert Bierstadt (1830-1902) Merced River, Yosemite Valley 1866, Metropolitan Museum of Art “The Hudson River School” Anonymous 19 th Century Japanese

27. Geology in Art ALBERT BIERSTADT (1830-1902) The Oregon Trail, 1869 Paul Cezanne (1839-1906) Mont Sainte Victoire, 1900 Hermitage Buttler Institute of American Art, Youngstown, Ohio

28. Objectives of Chapter 1 Introduce the broad field of Geology –Importance of understanding our planet –Specialties in geology (pg. 8) –How effects us (pg. 9-11) Origin and Structure of the Earth –Formation of the solar system (pg. 13) –Differentiation of the proto earth –Zones of the Earth (Fig 1.11)

29. Objectives of Chapter 1 Introduce Earth Systems and Plate Tectonics –Convection driving plate motion (pg. 15) –Plates and plate boundaries (pg. 16-17) –Geologic phenomena and landforms at plate boundaries –Plate tectonics and the scientific method (pg. 15-16) Introduction to the Geologic Time Scale –Eons, Eras and Periods (pg. 21)