1. Topics for today Events of the day/week  Kenyan parties agree on peace deal Catching up with readings/PowerPoints  World War II  Cold War  Comparing The League and the United Nations After the Cold War, 1991-

2. States, sovereignty, and power What is a “state”? What is “sovereignty”?

3. What is a state? Montevideo Convention on Rights and Duties of States (1933) State: a legal entity in international law  with a permanent population  with a defined territory  with a government capable of effective domestic control and international representation/recognition

4. Authority and Territoriality The authority of a state is limited by physical borders, not by associational or other criteria. State authority is based on the claim to sovereignty, or the absence of any higher authority. International law recognizes states both on the basis of legitimacy and violence. A viable state is capable of resisting outside/domestic attacks and elicit a minimum of international and domestic recognition.

5. What is sovereignty? Sovereignty: No superior authority.  Control over domestic affairs  Control over cross-border movements  Exclusive representation in international politics

6. Sovereignty as control  Effective domestic monopoly of violence.  Government controls domestic affairs. How do states loose control?  Voluntarily: enter treaties with other states or create inter- and supranational institutions (“pooling of sovereignty”).  Involuntarily: Military invasion, economic sanctions, diplomatic threats, smugglers, cross-border pollution.

7. United Nations Membership, 1945-2007

8. UN membership expanded Recent new member states 2006 (192): Montenegro (192) 2002 (191): Switzerland, Timor-Leste. 1992 (179) : Armenia, Azerbaijan, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Croatia, Georgia, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Republic of Moldova, San Marino, Slovenia, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan

9. Summary: the state A state is a legal entity with a defined territory, population, and government (monopoly of violence). States are de jure sovereign: controlling borders (1), domestic autonomy (2), and international representation (3).

10. Summary: the state system States and their supporting ideology of nationalism are a recent phenomenon in human history. The state system emerged mostly by means of brutal internal and external violence. States emerged in response to changes in military technology (economies of scale) as well as shifts from religious to political/ nationalist allegiances.

11. League of Nations Principle of unanimity (Art. 5) Council and Assembly have the same responsibilities and rights (Art. 2-4) Peace at a collective good.  An attack against any member is an attack against all members. RULES: arbitration and settlement Economic sanctions as a new tool (Art. 16)

12. League of Nations and the United Nations US absence Lack of enforcement Council and GA are equals No human rights promotion No participation of the Global South US presence Chapter VII Security Council has more powers Human rights an explicit goal of UN Decolonization expanded membership

13. Failure of the League of Nations RealismInstitutionalismIdealism/ Identity International level Because collective security simply can not work Because states did not fully commit to the idea of collective security; faulty design of the League Because the League did not address cultural/identity differences Domestic level Because the League brought together incompatible regime types; unanimity rule

14. What caused World War II? RealismInstitutionalismIdealism/ Identity International level Balance of power is unstable; continuation of WWI; Versailles Weakness of institutions; US refusal to support the League of Nations Expanding nationalisms Domestic level Democracy vs. fascism; threat of economic collapse in Germany Bolshevism/ Racism Individual level Classical realism: Human nature Humiliation of German nationalism

16. After the Cold War  Persian Gulf War (1991)  Failed states Break-up of Yugoslavia (1991-1994) Somalia (1993)  Rwandan genocide (1994)  Anti-landmines treaty (1997)  Middle East conflict (second intifada, 2001)  Global terrorism (9/11)  Iraq war (2003)  Expansion of the European Union to 27 members

17. What caused global terrorism ? RealismInstitutionalismIdealism/ Identity International level Counterbalancing in a unipolar world; natural challenge to US hegemony; asymmetric warfare Weak global institutions: failure to resolve Middle East conflict; insufficient inter-state cooperation on law enforcement Radical Islam vs. democracy; lack of cultural understanding across religious lines Domestic level Re-assertion of authoritarian rule after 1995 Failure to integrate Muslim minorities in Europe and the U.S.; Islamic forces dominate Muslim nations

18. Answering terrorism  Realism: a case of asymmetric warfare Solution: military defeat and repression  Liberal Institutionalism: a criminal activity Solution: Democracy/trade and intensified inter- state cooperation on law enforcement; transform Muslims through wealth into secularists  Identity/constructivism: a challenge to Western cultural imperialism Solution: better integration of Muslim immigrants; appeals to moderate Muslims; creation of common cultural platforms; accept difference and promote cultural diversity