1. American Civil War, 1861-1863 American System of Mass Production Shiloh Fredericksburg William Sherman Ulysses Grant

2. Northern Advantages 25,000,000 freemen to 6,000,000 110,000 factories to 18,000 CSA made 36,000 tons of iron in 1860 –PA alone made 580,000 tons Railroads, bureaucracy, navy, industrial methods

3. Southern Advantages Geography Strategy Military traditions

4. Key Developments, 1861-1863 Industry –American System of Mass Production Technology –Rifles and Railroads Mass armies and mass mobilization North better positioned to take advantage of these changes

5. Quest for Decisive Battle First Bull Run, Antietam, Shiloh all attempts to win big battles for big results Few of these battles decisive on any level Why doesn’t this strategy work?

6. Shiloh 6 April 1862 Largest CSA offensive of the war to date CSA aimed to get interior lines between armies of Grant and Buell Five CSA corps operated on separate LOC USA surprised, panicked US troops lost 20,000 men and retreated 2 miles But CSA had taken 70% casualties in first line of attack A.S. Johnston, considered the finest CSA field commander. Killed at Shiloh

8. Shiloh, 7 April USA reinforced to 50,000 men against 25,000 for CSA CSA continued to charge and take high losses More casualties in two days than in all previous American wars COMBINED 110,000 men fought, more than 24,000 casualties How was the war any different?

9. Veterans of Shiloh Sherman –Don’t fight man for man; don’t order charges –Defeat the enemy’s will, not its soldiers Grant –Attrition as the key, despite the carnage it causes Forrest –Aristocratic generals don’t fight well –Search for a strategy to target North’s economic edge

10. Fredericksburg, Dec., 1862 Attempt to win a big battle and On To Richmond Jominian theory suggest a central attack Burnside ordered five separate charges. Why? USA lost 12,500 to CSA’s 5,000 Crushing defeat for USA, Jominian approaches

11. Gettysburg, July 3, 1863 Strategic alternatives “There is my enemy, and there is where I will strike him” Federal troops chanted “Fredericksburg” at the defeated Confederates

12. The New Way of War