1. Pre-AP Biology Ch.12 Ms. Haut
Biotechnology
Pre-AP Biology
Ch.12
Ms. Haut

2. DNA technology has many useful applications
The Human Genome Project
The production of vaccines, cancer drugs, and pesticides
Engineered bacteria that can clean up toxic wastes
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing Benjamin Cummings

3. DNA and Crime Scene Investigations
DNA and Crime Scene Investigations
Many violent crimes go unsolved
For lack of enough evidence
If biological fluids are left at a crime scene
DNA can be isolated from them

4. DNA fingerprinting is a set of laboratory procedures
DNA fingerprinting is a set of laboratory procedures
That determines with near certainty whether two samples of DNA are from the same individual
That has provided a powerful tool for crime scene investigators
Investigator at one
of the crime scenes
(above), Narborough,
England (left)

5. BACTERIAL PLASMIDS AND GENE CLONING
Plasmids are used to customize bacteria: An overview
Gene cloning is one application of DNA technology
Methods for studying and manipulating genetic material

6. The Bacterial Chromosome
One double-stranded, circular molecule of DNA
Located in nucleoid region, so transcription and translation can occur simultaneously
Many also contain extrachromosomal DNA in plasmids

7. Binary Fission

8. Plasmids Short, circular DNA molecules outside the chromosome
Carry genes that are beneficial but not essential
Replicate independently of chromosome
en.wikipedia.org/?title=Plasmid

9. R Plasmids Contain genes that confer antibiotic resistance
Medical consequences: resistant strains of pathogens due to overuse of antibiotics

10. Bacteria as Tools Bacterial Transformation—
Uptake of DNA from the fluid surrounding the cell
Causes genetic recombination

11. Transformation
Biotech companies use this technique to artificially introduce foreign genes into bacterial genomes (human insulin, human growth hormone)

12. Researchers can insert desired genes into plasmids, creating recombinant DNA
And insert those plasmids into bacteria (transformation)
Figure 12.1

13. Bacterial clone carrying many copies of the human gene1
Isolate DNA from two sources
Human cell
E. coli
If the recombinant bacteria multiply into a clone
The foreign genes are also copied 2
Cut both DNAs with the same restriction
enzyme
Plasmid
DNA
Gene V
Sticky ends 3
Mix the DNAs; they join by base-pairing 4
Add DNA ligase to bond the DNA covalently
Recombinant DNA plasmid
Gene V 5
Put plasmid into bacterium by transformation 6
Clone the bacterium
Bacterial clone carrying many copies of the human gene

14. Restriction Enzymes Used to “cut and paste” DNA
Used to “cut and paste” DNA
The tools used to make recombinant DNA are
Restriction enzymes, which cut DNA at specific sequences
DNA ligase, which “pastes” DNA fragments together

15. Genes can be cloned in recombinant plasmids: A closer look
Bacteria take the recombinant plasmids from their surroundings
And reproduce, thereby cloning the plasmids and the genes they carry

16. Cloned genes can be stored in genomic libraries
Genomic libraries, sets of DNA fragments containing all of an organism’s genes
Can be constructed and stored in cloned bacterial plasmids or phages
Figure 12.4

17. Nucleic acid probes
A short, single-stranded molecule of radioactively labeled or fluorescently labeled DNA or RNA
Can tag a desired gene in a library

18. CONNECTION
Recombinant cells and organisms can mass-produce gene products
Applications of gene cloning include
The mass production of gene products for medical and other uses
Table 12.6

19. Genetically modified organisms are transforming agriculture
New genetic varieties of animals and plants are being produced
A plant with a new trait can be created using the Ti plasmid

20. Biotech companies can artificially induce transformation of bacteria

21. “Golden rice” has been genetically modified to contain beta-carotene
This rice could help prevent vitamin A deficiency
Figure 12.18B

22. Drought resistant corn
Flavr Savr Tomato (CalGene)

23. Transgenic organisms
Are those that have had genes from other organisms inserted into their genomes
Different organisms, including bacteria, yeast, and mammals
Can be used for this purpose
Figure 12.6
These sheep carry a gene for a human blood protein that is a potential treatment for cystic fibrosis

24. CONNECTION DNA technology is changing the pharmaceutical industry
DNA technology is changing the pharmaceutical industry
DNA technology
Is widely used to produce medicines and to diagnose diseases

25. DNA technology is changing the pharmaceutical industry and medicine
Hormones, cancer-fighting drugs, and new vaccines are being produced using DNA technology
This lab equipment is used to produce a vaccine against hepatitis B
Figure 12.17

26. Therapeutic hormones
In 1982, humulin, human insulin produced by bacteria
Became the first recombinant drug approved by the Food and Drug Administration
Figure 12.7A

27. Diagnosis and Treatment of Disease
Diagnosis and Treatment of Disease
DNA technology
Is being used increasingly in disease diagnosis
Vaccines
Is also helping medical researchers develop vaccines
Figure 12.7B