1. The Universe and Solar system
Study Guide Notes

2. What is scientific theory?
An explanation that is supported by repeated experimentation or testing. It has evidence to back it up.

3. Geocentric Theory: Geo (Earth) Centric (Centered)
- Observing the Solar System
Geocentric Theory: Geo (Earth) Centric (Centered)
Theory that stated the Earth is at the center of the revolving planets and stars.
proposed by ancient Greeks
accepted for about 2000 years!
This was not correct.

4. In 1543, Nicolaus copernicus had another idea.

5. Heliocentric Theory: Helio (Sun) Centric (Centered)
Theory that states the sun was the center of the revolving planets and stars.
Proposed by Nicolaus Copernicus
and later proven by Galileo
Galilei in 1614.
THIS IS WHAT WE
BELIEVE TODAY.

6. At first, Copernicus’s theory was resisted, even considered heresy
At first, Copernicus’s theory was resisted, even considered heresy. But, these two provided the needed evidence.
Kepler
Galileo

7. Big idea: Scientific Theories change as new evidence comes along!
YouTube - Galileo Sun-Centered System

8. Look at the difference in how the planets would have to move in the geocentric and the heliocentric models.

9. How does the earth move?
Revolution is the length of time required for a planet to make one complete trip around the Sun. Rotation is the length of time required for a planet to make one complete turn on its axis.

10. Formation of the Solar System
- The Expanding Universe
Formation of the Solar System
The solar system formed from a collapsing cloud of gas and dust called a nebula.

11. Nebula

12. Our Solar System Is divided into Inner and Outer Planets.
Inner Planets are closest to the sun and include: Mercury, Venus, Earth, Mars
Outer Planets are farthest from the sun and include: Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, Neptune, and Dwarf Planet Pluto
An Asteroid Belt divides the Inner and Outer Planets.
Remember: My Very Excellent Mother Just Served Us Nachos!

13. The Inner Planets Smaller Planets Rocky surfaces No to few moons
Atmospheres are
made of heavier
elements.
Faster orbits around sun

14. the Outer planets (nicknamed “Gas Giants”)
Larger
Gas surfaces
Many moons
Atmospheres are
made of lightweight
elements
Slower orbit around
the sun

15. Relative size of the planets compared to earth 4Q

16. Only Earth has the necessary conditions to support human life…
Oxygen, liquid water, and perfect temperatures!
The pull of gravity on Earth is a direct result of the mass of Earth. The ozone layer in the Earth’s upper atmosphere is important to living organisms because it absorbs harmful ultraviolet radiation from the Sun.

17. Mercury
Mercury has a large range of temperatures because the planet lacks an atmosphere to hold heat.
Mercury would NOT be considered a gas giant because it is dense and rocky like the other inner planets.

18. Venus
Venus is sometimes called Earth’s twin because it is the same size and density. Venus also has the highest surface temperature because its atmosphere has thick clouds and carbon dioxide.

19. Mars
Mars may once have had a warmer climate because it has features like dry river beds. Mars may have had surface water or flowing rivers at one time.

20. Jupiter
Jupiter has a hurricane-type cloud known as the Great Red Spot.

21. saturn
Saturn has the most spectacular rings of any planet.

22. Uranus
Uranus is considered a gas giant because it has a deep, massive atmosphere.

23. neptune
Neptune is a cold, blue planet. Its atmosphere contains visible clouds.

24. The astronomical unit
The astronomical unit is most useful for measuring distances within the solar system.

25. Is there anything else in the solar system besides the planets?

26. Other small bodies in the Solar System:
Comets:
A small body of ice, rock, and cosmic dust that follows an elliptical orbit around the sun. It gives off gas and dust in the form of a tail as it passes close to the sun. The tail always points away from the sun due to solar winds.
comet animations

27. - Comets, Asteroids, and Meteors
Structure of a Comet
The main parts of a comet are the nucleus, the coma, and the tail. Most comets have two tails—a bluish gas tail and a white dust tail.

28. - Comets, Asteroids, and Meteors
Comet Orbits
Most comets revolve around the sun in very long, narrow orbits. Gas and dust tails form as the comet approaches the sun.

29. Asteroid
a small, rocky object that orbits the sun, usually in a band between the orbit of Mars and Jupiter.

30. The Asteroid Belt

31. Meteoroid: small, rocky body that travels through space.
Meteor: bright streak of light that results when a meteoroid burns up in the Earth’s atmosphere- sometimes called a “shooting star” (we see it in the sky)
Meteorite: A meteoroid that reaches Earth’s surface without burning up completely (we see it on the ground)

32. Remember: A meteorOid is in Outer space!

33. A meteor is a meteoroid with its “oid” burning in the atmosphere

34. Meteors

35. A MeteorITE has taken a bITE out of the earth!

36. Planets or moons with atmospheres have fewer impacts because the air in the atmosphere slows and burns up small objects.
Stars begin to glow when the neutrons in the star begin to spin.

37. Beyond our solar system is our galaxy
Galaxies: a collection of stars, dust, and gas bound together by gravity.

38. Our solar system is part of The Milky Way Galaxy. It is spiral in shape.
NOT

39. Milky way
Our solar system is located about 2/3 of the way out in one of the curved arms.

40. Irregular
The three types of galaxies identified by Edwin Hubble are spiral, elliptical, and irregular.
Spiral
Elliptical

41. What is your galactic address?
WJMS is located in Jackson County, Georgia.

42. Georgia is located in the United States.

43. The United States is located in North America.

44. North America is located on planet Earth.

45. Planet Earth is located in the solar system.

46. The solar system is located in the Milky Way Galaxy.

47. The Milky Way Galaxy’s location in our galactic cluster--The local group

48. The local group galactic cluster’s location in Our super galactic cluster-- Virgo

49. The universe within 14 billion visible light years

50. Our supercluster and surrounding superclusters
Our supercluster and surrounding superclusters. Can you find the Hercules Supercluster?

51. So how did it all start?
BIG BANG Theory: theory that states that the universe began with a tremendous explosion where all matter and energy was concentrated. The universe is expanding outward. According to this theory, the universe is about billion years old. One way scientists calculate the age of the universe is measure the distance from Earth to various galaxies.

52. Largest to Smallest-
Universe
Galaxy
Solar System
Sun
Planets

53. Debris from leftover comets
Our solar system
Is found in
the outer arm
Universe is
expanding
Our galaxy
Is Milky Way
Red shift
Means
Galaxies are
Farther apart
A group of stars,
Gas and dust
Held together
By gravity
Big Bang
Galaxy
12-15 billion yrs ago
All matter exploded
From a single point
Universe
Meteoroids—
Debris from leftover comets
Formed from
A nebula—
Cloud of dust
And gas
Solar system
Other objects
Asteroids– chunks
Of rock– most found
between Mars
And Jupiter
Comets– frozen rock
and ice
Geocentric–
Earth centered
Heliocentric-
Sun centered