3. ..

5. A small circle above the letter. It is used to signify the absence of a vowel, for example: بنْت و كنْ NOT E

7. how many long syllables and short syllables are in each of the following words حَدِيقَة أَشجَار وُرُود

9. A diphthong is a combination of two vowel sound occurring next to each other within the same syllable. ay بيت aw يوم

11. - Nutation is found at the end of nouns and adjectives when They are indefinite. مثال : فتاةٌ جميلةٌ. - It is indicated using a doubled vowel sign. Sound Un Sound in Sound an

12. NOTE When the fatha is doubled, the letter alif is add except for four cases : - تنتهي الكلمة بالتاء المربوطة ( فاطمة و حمزة و جميلة ) - تنتهي الكلمة بألف قائمة أو مقصورة ( عصاوفتى ) - تنتهي الكلمة بهمزة قطع ( مبتدأ ) - تنتهي الكلمة بهمزة على السطر مسبوقة بألف ممدودة ( سماء و فناء )

14. The Arabic language is a language of syllable length NOT stress. While reading Arabic all syllables should be given their full length, but no effort should be made to emphasize any syllable at the expense of the other. The result will sound as if some syllable are stronger than others, but this is because of their length.

16. As in English language, some abbreviations are used in the Arabic language such as: Abbreviation in English Abbreviation in Arabic Full word m ممتر kg كغكيلوغرام cm سمسنتيمتر

18. The letters of the Arabic alphabet are sometimes used for numbering. The order followed is found in the following line :

20. the Roman numbers have different shapes, and also have different ways to calculation and knowing a certain number

21. 1 I 5 V 10 X

22. We can find the rest of numbers by adding and subtracting the main numbers with each others 1+1 I+I2 = =II And the same way with number 3

23. But from number 4 until number 8, there are two different ways to knowing them: IV 1- if the number I in the left side of number V that means subtract number one from number five, and the total is number four. _

24. 2- if the number I in the right side of number V that means add number one to number five, and the total is number six. VI +

25. We use the same ways with the numbers from 9 until 12, but we will replace number V with number X ( because the English numbers are increasing and also the roman numbers will be increased ) = 9 _ IXXI + = 11